Coleridge And The Explosion Of Voice Essays - Literature

Coleridge And The Explosion Of Voice Coleridge and the Explosion of Voice Coleridge is so regularly depicted in wording which are much the same as, dangerous, and apparently he was at times a strangely dynamic,charismatic and capricious individual. His works themselves could likewise betermed unstable simply from their physical structure; a divided mass, a few pieces completed however most not, quite a bit of his composition subject to tarrying or inevitable difference as a primary concern. Today I need to address a second in his life which delivered, as Richard Holmes has described it, an blast of his lovely talent[1]- - Autumn 1799, when he initially met Sara Hutchinson, and composed, among different sonnets, the number, Love. In tending to this second, I need to propose that the voice of Coleridge at this time was dangerous, essential and new, however just when set against the old balladic custom with which he locked in. While tolerating the dynamism and the unconventionality of Coleridge, I need to show that his acknowledgment of a conventional mode permitted him to locate his own specific, sentimental voice; for, as Stephen Parrish has brought up, for Coleridge, the energy was darkened except if the artist talked in his own voice.[2] The melody restoration of the eighteenth century provided Romantic essayists with a file of voices from the previous, a past which many appeared to romanticize as a period of genuine inclination, at the point when Nature had its place as well as saturated with a crude force. Especially in the late 1790s, Coleridge worked inside such a custom, and in so doing, discovered his own voice from the minstrelsy of the past. I need to start by representing the scholarly condition wherein Coleridge ended up at the end of the eighteenth century. Old ditty and tune culture was being restored all through Europe from the mid eighteenth century onwards, perhaps starting with the Ossian parts in Scotland. Albeit generally British pundits were wary of the validness of Ossian, as Hugh Trevor-Roper reports, they were feted in different pieces of Europe; and Germany in particular.[3] The title of this meeting is The National Graduate Romanticism Meeting; the vicinity of Sentimental and National in this tag is serendipitous, since it is essential to understand the nearby connection between the melody recovery and a feeling of nationhood. In Johann Herder's popular exposition on Ossian, the spot of the tune or number as a sort of national social chronicle is made plain.[4] He alludes to the melodies as the gnomic melody of the country, and proceeds, in letter structure, to his companion: What I needed to do was advise you that Ossian's sonnets are tunes, tunes of the individuals, society tunes, the melodies of an unsophisticated people living near the faculties, tunes which have been for quite some time passed on by oral custom. Herder secures in the trendy Rousseauian idea of the Honorable Savage. He goes on: Know at that point, that the more primitive a individuals is - that is, the more alive, the more unreservedly representing (that is the thing that the word implies) - the more primitive, that is, the more alive, the more free, the closer to the faculties, the more expressively unique its melodies will be, if tunes it has. The more remote a people is from a fake, logical way of thinking, talking and composing, the less its stanzas are composed for the dead letter. The fascination of this national voice is its closeness to nature; and therefore, vicinity to a sort of crude reality. Herder clarifies that this old section is a predominant structure for it is from Nature furthermore, not from Craftsmanship. The current age, he watches, has committed the error of foregrounding Art over Nature: And on the off chance that that is the manner in which our time thinks, at that point obviously we will appreciate Art instead of Nature in these people of yore's sonnets; we will discover excessively or too little Art in them, as indicated by our inclination, also, we will seldom have ears to hear the voice that sings in them: the voice of Nature. For sure the overall idea of this exposition is to shout out for a whiz beautiful voice, the sort of voice that he found so apparent in the Ossian sections. He grumbles at the ongoing German interpretation of Ossian, by Michael Denis, on the grounds that he utilized the cleaned hexameters of the German neo-traditional saying; a detested, sly veiling of the Natural Voice. Toward the finish of the article, Herder calls to his comrades for an assortment of German people tunes. They are seriously required, he feels, to help the country to remember their own aggregate voice, a voice

Venezuela :: essays research papers

Since the 1970s, Venezuela has gone from being South America’s most extravagant country into a nouveau-poor society looking for a personality. When known as the Saudis of the West, Venezuelans have seen their monetary fortunes decrease in definite extent to the general fall in world oil costs. All things considered, Venezuela’s numerous issues were avoided see until moderately as of late, when seriousness estimates proclaimed the kind of financial emergencies so agonizingly recognizable to other Latin American nations. Runaway swelling, cash depreciations and even food riots have denoted this new stage in Venezuelan history, to which the nation is as yet attempting to alter.      The anticipated populace for 2010 is assessed at roughly 28,809 million, with a birth pace of 29.9 per thousand and a low death pace of 4.7 per thousand. Today the evaluated populace is 23,542,649 with a development pace of 1.6%. Caracas, the capital, and the territory of Miranda, which are the zones with the best business and budgetary action, have a populace of 7.7 million individuals. The mechanical and farming focuses, which are the conditions of Aragua, Carabobo, and Lara, have a populace aggregate of around 5 million individuals. The territory of Zulia, which is the significant cows rising and oil delivering state, has a populace of more than 3 million individuals. Guyana, which is in the territory of Bolivar, has the most significant mineral stores, has a populace of 1,300,000. The death rate is at 26.17 per thousand and a birth pace of 21.09 per thousand. Regardless of its development, there is as yet a low populace thickness. With just nine occupants for every square kilometer, Venezuela is one of the least thickly populated nations in the Western Hemisphere. The Venezuelan populace is youthful. About 70% is younger than 40. 33% of the populace is between the ages of 0-14. Followed by 63% being between the ages of 15-64 and just 4% of the populace is 65 years and over. There is a male control over female with an all out populace proportion 1.02 male(s)/female. Venezuela has an absolute zone of 912,050 square kilometers, 882,050 square kilometers being land and 30,000 square kilometers water. It is somewhat more than double the size of California. Venezuela is the most urbanized nation in Latin America. The urban populace is about 87% of the aggregate, yet is unevenly appropriated all through the nation. The movement proportion starting at July of 2000 was - 0.

Cross of Gold Essays

Cross of Gold Essays Cross of Gold Essay Cross of Gold Essay In 1896. three mature ages after the Panic of 1893 . a grown-up male by the name of William Jennings Bryan conveyed one of the most chronicled addresss to this twenty-four hours. In the late 1800’s a populist movement was go oning and individuals were get bringing down to pay heed. Political corruptness and enormous concern designs hurt non only workers. be that as it may, other than husbandmans. At the point when husbandmans sorted out into confederations. lastly into the Populist Party. they represented a test to the ruling bipartisan framework. During the 1896 decisions the Populist Party had started to turn and infer motivation. they had placed a congressperson in office and assumed control over the Kansas territory Legislature. The appointment of 1896 was known as the skirmish of the principles since it concentrated mainly on the gold versus Ag standards of cash. People groups needed expedient answers for the financial emergency and the help of free Ag mintage started to lift in 1894. During the Democratic Convention William Jennings Bryan conveyed the Cross of Gold location. This location is viewed as one to the most great known political addresss. This location when checked on with the verifiable setting and Bryan’s political purpose of position makes an incredible portrayal of what our state was going through in the ahead of schedule to mid 1890’s and the significance and essentialness of the 1986 presidential political race. In 1894. 20 Democratic territory stages required a free mintage of silver in spite of President Cleveland’s opposition. Force from the gathering moved toward the South and its attitude mirrored the places of Southerners and Democrats turned into a sectional gathering. not, at this point a national gathering. As a result this left the Democrats without a pioneer and this is the place Bryan got included. The republicans had vanquished their Ag stage and needed the plated standard. Bryan needed to take the Ag Democrats and felt that he could. He conveyed the Cross of Gold location and won the presidential selection the accompanying twenty-four hours. This location should get the gift from the Democratic Party and to get Bryan into the Presidential political decision. He was fruitful at both of these. William jennings bryans boss explanation in his location is that the plated basis will non help the state as it battles with joblessness and high contribution rates and everything else the Panic of 1893 made. The state expected to gain out of this trench and expected to make it now. He accepted that Ag mintage was the way to bring through this. At the point when Bryan says Having behind us the bring forthing large numbers of this state and the universe. bolstered by the business inclusions. the working inclusions. what's more, the toilers everyplace. we will answer their interest for a plated standard by expressing to them: You will non push downward on the brow of work this Crown of aggravations. you will non execute world upon a cross of gold. . he points out that by tolerating the plated standard they would be executing the state. Also, that the plated rule would non pass on the state out of the downturn they were in. It would do the state fall flat. Another voyaging quote in this location is You come to us and state us that the extraordinary metropoliss are agreeable to the plated basis ; we answer that the incredible metropoliss rest upon our wide and rich grasslands. Torch your metropoliss and go forward our ranches. furthermore, your metropoliss will hop up again as though by magic ; however destruct our homesteads and the grass will turn in the roads of each city in the state. This shows yes the incredible metropoliss are agreeable to the plated rule however they don’t comprehend what the rest of the state is going through. They are reliant on the ranches and agribusiness of the U. S. what's more, if the metropoliss bomb they can remake them and fix them. in any case, if the homesteads come up short there is nil that can fix this. The husbandmans are in edgy requests of help and the plated measure is non the arrangement. free Ag is. In this location he other than says Ah. my companions. we state non single word against the individuals who live upon the Atlantic beach. in any case, the sturdy pioneers who have overcame all the perils of the wild. who have made the desert to blossom as the rose-the trend-setters off out at that place [ demonstrating toward the West ] . who back their children close to Nature’s chest. where they can blend their voices in with the voices of the winged animals out there where they have raised school buildings for the guidance of their juvenile. houses of worship where they acclaim their Godhead. what's more, memorial parks where rest the remains of their dead-these individuals. we state. are as meriting the thought of our gathering as any individuals in this state. It is for these that we talk. We do non come as assailants. Our war is non a war of vanquishing ; we are battling in the protection of our places. our family units. also, relatives. We have appealed. what's more, our solicitations have been hated ; we have implored. what's more, our supplications have been dismissed ; we have asked. furthermore, they have derided when our fiasco came. We ask no longer ; we beseech no more ; we appeal no more. We resist them. . . . This quote has incredible noteworthiness in the way that he discusses how he is non expressing anything awful about the individuals populating on the east coastline. who despite everything seek England for contemplations and convictions (, for example, the plated basis ) . He discusses the trailblazers and all they have achieved. what's more, why they have the right to hold a state in the political universe only every piece much as the rest of the state. He is trying to voice every one of their thoughts and positions in this location. Bryan fights for the individuals who are battling to populate and back up their families and spots. He says that they should not beg anymore or appeal yet rather withstand what they ( Republicans ) are looking to make. Bryan along these lines lost the presidential political race to William McKinley. yet, the location that he gave had more prominent criticalness than only securing the Democratic selection for presidential term. This made a pickle for the democrats since they did non accept any gathering would back free Ag. so now they were confronted with an intense pick. set up their ain campaigner or side with Bryan. Bryan essentially split up the Populist Party since half of them figured they should favor the Democrats ( Bryan ) . in any case, the other half were idealists and needed to make everything without anyone else. he did non win the political race however he halted the outsider and changed the way the Democratic Party thinks. Without request. William Jennings Bryan’s Cross of Gold location was one of the vast majority of import and significant location in all of political relations. It changed the standards of the Democratic Party and kept up the customary bipartisan framework. Without the Acts of the Apostless of Bryan would this state even be above water still? This location is truly one of the best addresss I have ever heard/read is extremely important as our state is in another huge downturn and makes you look previously and perceive how we have driven forward and vanquished occupations before and gives trust we will show signs of improvement of this downturn.

Dover Beach/fahrenheit Comparison Essay Example For Students

Dover Beach/fahrenheit Comparison Essay Dover Beach Dover Beach, by Matthew Arnold, is a sonnet managing love in which a man addresses a lady. It starts on the sea shore when the ocean is quiet, the tide is full, and the moon lies reasonable upon the waterways. Nothing changes, except if you need change. Some time in the past there was confidence, yet today everything is exhausting and the equivalent. He needs change, yet thinks that its difficult to do as such. Dover Beach and Fahrenheit 451 are connected In that both arrangement with an existence where there Is no harmony or Joy among the individuals. In Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montage lived In a world compensation to Dover Beach. Everyone acts the equivalent and the individuals who were extraordinary or not some portion of the mass culture were dealt with unjustifiably. Regular he was turning out to be increasingly more disappointed with his life. He didnt Like the reality the he and his significant other, Mildred, didn't have any sort of relationship and once in a while talked. Every day when he returned home, his significant other was either staring at the TV or tuning in to the radio ignoring everything else. Mildred was just worried about her TV and could mind less what happened to Guy. Later a young lady named Claries makes him fully aware of a mind-blowing vacancy. In the wake of meeting her he chooses he needs to change, and starts by understanding books. She was clearly hanging tight for him to go. (20). Mildred didn't feel great at whatever point Montage was around excessively long. All she pondered was the point at which she could sit in front of the TV on her parlor dividers. To start with, why dont you let me know whether shell be okay? Indeed, shell be alright. Neither of you is a M. D. Why didnt they send a M. D from Emergency? For hell's sake! (15). No one in this world truly thought about any other person. There was no affection between the professionals and Montage. They Just needed to complete their activity and leave. Gracious, they dont miss me, she said. Im withdrawn, they state. I dont blend. Its so bizarre. Im social, in fact. (29). Claries was not preferred at all among her companions. They thought of her as introverted since she talked so a lot and was social. In this world you must be peaceful and not associate with anybody to be typical and fit in with others. Goodness they travel every which way, go back and forth, said Mrs.. Phelps. Im not stressed. Not well let Pete do all the stressing. She laughed. Badly let old Pete do all the stressing. Not me. Im not stressed. (94). Mrs.. Phelps shows that she Is not stressed over what occurs In the war to Pete. Pete Just travels every which way as she depicts It. Shell let Pete do all the stressing and she wont even consider It. She Is Like every other person In the realm of Fahrenheit 451, narcissistic, and cool as a cucumber what's going on somewhere else. Cleared with confounded cautions of battle and flight, where Ignorant armless conflict around evening time. (Last line). In both Dover Beach and Fahrenheit 451, there Is a war going on. No one wants to think about it or has any adoration for any other person. Mildred didn't feel great around her own better half. Mrs.. Phelps wasnt even worried for her better half who was at war. The two universes are connected in which the two of them dont have tranquility or love

Dimmesdales versus Danforths Sins in Hawthornes Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

In the expressions of Alexander Pope 'To fail is human.' Everybody commits errors. It is human instinct. In any case, how one arrangements with the misstep is considerably more significant than the mix-up itself. In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter and Arthur Miller's The Crucible, Dimmesdale and Danforth's wrongdoings have comparable thought processes, however the characters have particularly various strategies for transgression and goals. Dimmesdale is a childish defeatist. He doesn't move in the direction of anything generous. In spite of the fact that he as far as anyone knows cherishes Hester, he will not concede that he was her ?individual delinquent and individual victim? ( Hawthorne, 65). At the point when Pearl asks Dimmesdale to go with her and her mom when they remain at the framework, he denies because of a paranoid fear of open introduction. He has gotten Pearl and her mom through a great deal, yet won't remain nearby them during their open disgrace, despite the fact that he is the reason for it. Danforth, as Dimmesdale, is fearful and egotistical. He considers exclusively himself and his situation of intensity as he sends many individuals to the hangman's tree. He won't let the blamed have reasonable preliminaries, denying their solicitations for lawful portrayal and having a jury of degenerate little youngsters responsible for condemning. He does all that he can to shield himself from losing validity. Both Dimmesdale and Danforth put their professions first. Dimmesdale demonstrates this continually all through the book by considering his own profession and qualification a higher need than Hester, the lady who adores him, and his kid, who must grow up, degenerate according to society, similar to her mom. Danforth esteems his situation to the exclusion of everything else. When Parris, dreading for his prosperity, asks Danforth to defer further condemning, he answers ?There will be no delay? (Mill operator 128). He doesn't need the townspeople to think he is faltering and fears they will start to question the supposed ?great? of what he is accomplishing for the town and its God-dreading residents. Danforth and Dimmesdale differentiate in the method of their transgressions of bonus and oversight. In spite of the fact that Dimmesdale doesn't straightforwardly concede his transgressions until the finish of the story, they feed on his inner voice, making him take part in self-tormenting rehearses. He confounds the annihilation and debilitating of himself for atonement for his transgression. Helped by Hester?s irritated spouse, Dimmesdale debilitates himself so much, that he utilizes the remainder of his quality in his admission and he kicks the bucket in Hester?s arms. Danforth suspects he is sending blameless individuals to their demises, yet through the affection for his office, he doesn't stop his degenerate practices nor endeavor to right his wrongs.

So lets build a snowman. In the moat.

So let’s build a snowman. In the moat. So it’s been cold lately. And when I mean cold, I mean like our-room-whose-temperature-usually-hovers-somewhere-between-the-sixth-and-seventh-circles-of-hell-on-a-good-day-was-even-cold type of cold. But seriously, I’m from Michigan, so Boston cold is still no big deal. To be honest, if it starts getting cold you will probably see a noticeable change in my personal enthusiasm levels inversely proportional to the temperature, though this kind of breaks down once it gets below 0, because I kind of like to pretend that temperatures like that don’t exist. Anyways. The point of all this is that when it’s cold, it snows, which is pretty much the best. So while heading to Chinatown last weekend with my friends Sumi and Steph, we were walking by the moat of the MIT chapel, which is just an empty concrete pit filled with snow during the winter. Like this. So we’re just joking around and whatnot, and I’m all “hey, wouldn’t it be awesome to make a drowning snowman in the moat?” And we laugh, agree that it would probably one of the more epic things we’d done in a while, and proceed to gorge ourselves in Chinatown and forget about it. This isn’t over, though. I was legitimately serious about the snowman thing, because, you know, I like snow. And my friend Steph is from California and clearly needed to be taught how to make a snowman, which I feel is some essential life skill. So first we tried packing the snow, which failed because it was too cold. But clearly, this was way too good of an idea to abandon, so we went ice chunk hunting and let Steph use her newly-found PE Taekwondo mad kicking skillz to cut them down into manageable sizes. … though we still had trouble actually lifting them. After some creative lifting though (mainly, me just lifting it and making the two of them feel bad), we managed to get the chunks into the moat, grabbed a few branches from the surrounding bushes, stole a few buttons from the McCormick sewing room and voila, we had a snowman doing backstroke. This was clearly not enough, though. So we run back to McCormick, print off a NO SWIMMING sign, run around mine and Sumis sorority looking for clear packing tape for lamination purposes, and run back to the moat to put it up. Throw in a chunk of ice for a shark fin, snow angels, and you have yourself one of the most impressive things I’ve done in a while. :) Coolest moment of IAP: sitting in the student center and hearing someone remark as they walked by, “hey, did you see that snowman in the moat? Isn’t that hilarious?”

Issues of Identity Social Norms and Marginalized People - 2750 Words

Issues of Identity: Social Norms and Marginalized People (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Annotated BibliographyBuckingham, D. (2008). Youth, identity, and digital media. Boston, MA: MIT Press.Buckingham revolves around matters that pertain to the search for identity among adolescents. The author highlights the key aspects of this struggle. He thus explores the influence of technology on adolescents search for lasting identities. The author observes that adolescents are not necessarily marginalized, but they are a special group in the society that deserves attention during transition to adulthood. The book thus extensively explores the literature that pertains to youth identity issues in an attempt to make the subject plain to the reader. It covers the subject matter comprehensively. Galvin, R. (2003). The making of the disabled identity: A linguistic analysis of marginalization. Disability Studies Quarterly, 23(2), 149- 178. Galvin, in writing this paper, advances the argument that when people acquire disability, the society unknowingly forces them out o f their initial identities into new purportedly inferior ones. This change in perception throws the disabled persons into a state of inner suffering due to the marginalization they experience. However, the author is of the opinion that the perception of society and the individuals interpretation of the same is immaterial as the negativity or positivity associated with a persons state are all constructs of language. They are simply words and they should be treated as such.Guess, T. (2006). The social construction of whiteness: racism by intent, racism by consequence. Critical Sociology, 32 (4), 650-671. This article takes a unique approach to the issue of race-instigated marginalization in the American society. While many scholars have directed their attention to the others in conducting race related studies in this society, this article focuses on whites. The article points out that it is considered normal to be white in the US. Yet, as witnessed in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrin a, marginalization transcended the racial divide. The article thus raises a salient question on whether it makes a difference to be white in the US. This aspect sets it apart from other such studies.Nordberg, C. (2006). Claiming citizenship: marginalized voices on identity and belonging. Citizenship Studies, 10(5), 523-539.This article is typically representative of the challenges that the Romani ethnic group encounters throughout the world. Although it focuses on the Finnish Roma, it connotes the marginalization that this group goes through with such explicitness that it seems like a worldwide study. Direct interviews with Romani activists about their experiences as citizens of Finland are organized into various salient areas of interest such as state membership, distributive inequality, discrimination, and minority status among many others. The emphasis is on the politics of representation. The article is an in-depth analysis of the issues that affect the Romani people and it can be useful for anyone researching on the same topic anywhere in the world.Raskoff, S. (2014). Everyday sociology blog: challenges in naming gender identities: cis and trans. Retrieved from: /2014/01/challenges-in-naming-gender-identities-cis-and-trans-.html In this article, Raskoff discounts the normative stereotypes that society has built around sex and gender identities. The author acknowledges that this has been a subject of contention for many years, but in the last two decades, there are indications of an increasing open mindedness concerning the issue. Raskoff especially expresses reservation over the presumption that societal norms are the ultimate yardstick with which sex and gender identities are evaluated. The depth with which the article covers its subject matter makes it a rich resource for purposes of research on the subject of sex and gender identity contentions. Ruby, T. (2011). Listening to the voices of hijab. In E. Henderson (Ed.), The Active Reader: Strategies for Academic Reading and Writing (pp. 291-303). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. This chapter is a careful and extensive examination of the Hijab issue, which elicits diverse opinions from both the Muslim and non-Muslim members of society. It points out that many meanings are attached to the Hijab by incorporating the opinions and views of Muslims. However, these views, although some of them seem to vouch for the Hijab, obviously bear connotations of an oppressive and discriminatory relic imposed on Muslim women. The article brings this aspect out more explicitly when it covers the Western perception of the Hijab. Another explicit idea that stands out from the article is that the Hijab is a symbol of identity.Walker, M., Sockman, R., Koehn, S. (2011). An exploratory study of cyberbullying with undergraduate university students. In E. Henderson (Ed.), The Active Reader: Strategies for Academic Reading and Writing (pp. 185 -189). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. This Chapter expl ores the concept of bullying, which has moved from its traditional form into the cyberspace due to technological advancement. According to the authors, bullying brings about the idea of dominant (the bullies) individuals and subordinates (victims). The relationship that exists between the bully and the victim is discriminative from the perspective of identity. The article extensively explores the typology of cyber bullying as well as the issues that surround it. An aspect of the bullying menace that stands out explicitly from the article is its prevalence. The picture created by this article is one of a disaster that is thriving under the noses of the concerned authorities with a lot of impunity. ReferencesBuckingham, D. (2008). Youth, identity, and digital media. Boston, MA: MIT Press.Galvin, R. (2003). The making of the disabled identity: A linguistic analysis of marginalisation. Disability Studies Quarterly, 23(2), 149- 178. Guess, T. (2006). The social construction of whiteness : racism by intent, racism by consequence. Critical Sociology, 32 (4), 650-671. Nordberg, C. (2006). Claiming citizenship: marginalized voices on identity and belonging. Citizenship Studies, 10(5), 523-539.Raskoff, S. (2014). Everyday sociology blog: challenges in naming gender identities: cis and trans. Retrieved from, /2014/01/challenges-in-naming-gender-identities-cis-and-trans-.html Ruby, T. (2011). Listening to the voices of hijab. In E. Henderson (Ed.), The Active Reader: Strategies for Academic Reading and Writing (pp. 291-303). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Walker, M., Sockman, R., Koehn, S. (2011). An exploratory study of cyberbullying with undergraduate university students. In E. Henderson (Ed.), The Active Reader: Strategies for Academic Reading and Writing (pp. 185 -189). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Critical Review of Claiming citizenship: marginalized voices on identity and belonging, by Nordberg, C.The Romani/ Roma/Rom or simply Gypsies are an ethnic grouping that is scattered across Europe and other parts of the world. This ethnic group maintains a long history of marginalization from the mainstream activities of the societies in which it stays. The reason behind the harsh treatment of the Roma is an issue that has sustained numerous debates for a long time with no substantial conclusion being made. This review focuses on the article, Claiming citizenship: marginalized voices on identity and belonging, by Camilla Nordberg and published in the Journal of Citizenship Studies in 2006. Summary of the articleThe Finnish Roma have been part of the Finnish society since the sixteenth century, yet up to recently, they have been struggling to be recognized as citizens of Finland (Nordberg, 2006). Despite meeting all the demands that were placed on them by government as well as those expected of them as citizens, the Finnish Roma were still treated as if they were second class citizens. The other members of the Finnish society consider t he Rom as inferior people. The Finnish government perpetuated this notion until late 1995 when a new constitution leveled the field for everyone. Before this move, the Roma were in a dilemma of determining their identity. They were not in a position to confidently identify themselves as citizens of Finland because the treatment they received suggested otherwise. They were expected and even compelled to integrate into the Finnish society by harsh assimilative policies, which sought to rid them of their culture and language (Nordberg, 2006). The government sought to achieve this by separating the Roma children from their parents and raising them under different settings, in which they would be taught the Finnish culture and language in order to force them out of their own culture and language (Nordberg, 2006).CritiqueMany authors have illuminated the issue of Romani discrimination in their various countries of residence. Nordbergs article is thus a timely addition to the body of liter ature on this subject with a Finnish perspective. The cases of discrimination are however more or less the same in the different countries. The gist of Nordbergs article is the claim to nationality for the Finnish Romani. This aspect is not an out of the ordinary phenomenon, especially with the Roma in consideration. Their struggle for recognition is an issue that has dominated the social justice circles in all countries they reside in (mostly in European countries). According to Renzi (2010), the Roma are largely underrepresented politically as well as within the administrative structures across Europe. The implication is that although they exist within these societies, they are not seen as a significant part of such societies. Whether they receive essential services or not is not an important i...

Victims of Society in The Outsider and Antigone Essay

Victims of Society in The Outsider and Antigone Both Meursault and Antigone are the protagonists in their stories. They have much in common, such as the fact that they explain their impending deaths as decided by fate, even though each seems to have an easy way of surviving. Both are willing to die for what they believe is right. The concept of fate is quite different between the texts. In Antigone, a Chorus tells you at the beginning of the play that Antigone will die. Antigone uses the excuse of fate to explain her own death to Creon, where as in The Outsider fate is much more subtle. First I will look at The Outsider and Meursault. Albert Camus wrote this novel as a challenge against the death penalty and the society that†¦show more content†¦Come to think of it, I wasnt unhappy. Meursaults mothers funeral is the first chapter of the novel, and the introduction to Meursaults character. On the bus journey to his mothers old peoples home he says only yes to a soldier that asks him a question because he does not want to talk. This is an example of the short sentences he uses as dialogue and as narrator throughout the book. When he gets to the home, he does not cry or act sad, showing us that he is quite emotionless. He points out to the caretaker that he is just another inmate, with a little extra authority due to his position. Meursault does not recognise the caretakers authority as anything special, which is why he does not see the caretakers point, Meursault feels the same way about the judiciary in part 2. Camus makes the caretaker look stupid because he does not see the truth that he is just an inmate with extra work. He may be making a statement here about the way we try to make ourselves better by creating titles and roles. Authority is linked to fate in that they are abstract concepts and both can be considered opposites to freedom. During the first part of the novel, Meursault gets a girlfriend named Marie. Meursault does not care whether they marry or not, much like Antigone with Heamon. It could be said that Meursault agrees to marry Marie for the same reason that Antigone agrees to marry Heamon, because they both know they are going to die. This is evidence ofShow MoreRelatedGreek Tragedy By Euripides Medea1646 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing capable of killing her own children in seek of revenge. Not to mention, the measures she takes in doing so. Secondly, Euripides portrays her as a woman of great power and wit. She is capable of manipulating the men around her, and killing her victims in ways that are highly gruesome. All of which are considered as masculine traits in a Greek mindset. Lastly, considering this play was written on the eve of the Peloponnesian war, Euripides uses the fact that Medea, a wild woman who has committedRead More Gender Politics in the Criminal Justice System Essay4043 Words   |  17 Pageswith the understanding of crime and the criminal justice system. Gender plays a significant role in understanding who commits what types of crimes, why they do so, who is most often victimized, and h ow the criminal justice system responds to these victims and offenders. In order to understand the current state of women and the way in which gender relates to crime and criminal justice, it is first necessary to provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical evolution of women in the criminal justice

The Effects Of Abortion On The Mother - 1419 Words

Palmquist 1 Colette Palmquist Ms. Johnson English 121 9/12/15 Let Them Choose The article â€Å"About Abortion† states the causes and effects of abortion and reports the psychological effects that abortion has on the mother. The article says that women who choose to abort their child usually do so for a number of reasons, among them being they are too young and immature, not financially able to support a child, or simply don’t have time for one. â€Å"Women have an abortion for numerous reasons. Most abortions are a result of an unwanted pregnancy† (About 2). While the article states understandable reasons for an abortion, it also delves into the ever-lasting psychological affects that these young women go through after an abortion. One woman recalls: â€Å"‘I went through, and still go though, severe mental problems.. hating myself, grieving and wanting to escape from the whole situation†¦ the abortion precipitated years of drug and alcohol abuse, an eating disorder and eventually serious clinical depressionâ €™â€  (About 4). The article states that women aren’t usually told or even warned about the potential mental side affects of undergoing an abortion. I am against abortion because it’s giving up on a life, there are major psychological ramifications, and there are viable alternatives, however, it ultimately should be the women’s decision. No two abortion cases are the same, women should have the right to the control of their bodies, and it should be a private matter, not something forShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Abortion That You Dont Know About Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Abortion That You Dont Know About Many women that choose to have an abortion do not realize that it is a dangerous surgery with serious side effects. These side effects are both physical and psychological. Having an abortion is unnatural and interrupts this function of the human body. â€Å"The women’s body naturally resists the abortion, causing physical and emotional problems† (â€Å"Who does Abortion Affect?†). Almost all of theRead MoreAbortion: Cause and Effect1552 Words   |  7 PagesAftermath of an Abortion To have abortion or not is a very difficult choice to make. The final choice comes from religious and ethical beliefs. However, to have an abortion means to participate in a horrendous crime against humanity, God, and oneself. Abortion can also have deleterious effects on the mother’s health and well being. Many of the couples, mainly the mothers, that have an abortion tend to go into a state of depression known as Post-abortion syndrome. Negative effects on the motherâ₠¬â„¢sRead MoreGianna Jessen is a Survivor of Abortion1299 Words   |  5 PagesGianna Jessen who is now thirty-six, survived an abortion. At seventeen years old, her mother attempted to abort her using the saline procedure. Eventually, Gianna forced a birth after being in the solution for eighteen hours. She was put up for adoption after she was born and was diagnosed with cerebral palsy at an early age due to the saline burning. Around the world, abortion takes place on the daily basis and the government considers this form of murder legal. This brutal act of legal murderRead MoreEssay on Abortion: More Harm than Good1209 Words   |  5 Pages In todays society abortion is getting more notice then ever. After the president banned partial birth abortion controversy arose from all sides of the table and has been since Roe v. Wade. Many women today feel as if they should have the right to chose either to bring life into this world or not. These women feel as if abortion will give them a sense of relief. What many of these pro-choicers dont realize is that abortion causes more destruction then relief. Mothers who chose to abort theirRead MoreAbortion And Its Effects On The United States Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States â€Å"1.7% of women aged 15–44 have an abortion† (â€Å"Induced Abortion in the United States†). Twenty-one percent of all pregnancies end in abortion (â€Å"Induced Abortion in the United States†). Women most commonly have abortions before the end of her first trimester, twelve weeks into the pregnancy, however, abortions may also be performed after the first trimester. Abortions are quite common, but they also lead to numerous issues for the parents such as regret, depression, drug abuseRead MorePro-Choice Doesnt Mean Pro-Abortion Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is one of the most contentious and talked about topics of our time. It is discussed in classrooms, work places, on the internet, and now among government officials. Abortion has been a very controversial subject over the past couple years. This i s mainly because there is no middle ground; a person is either pro-life or pro-choice. The effects abortion has on people can be very severe but commonly go unnoticed. Although abortion causes a great deal of negative effects on our society,Read MoreFacts about Adoption vs. Abortion733 Words   |  3 PagesFacts about Adoption vs. Abortion Outline Thesis: Information is distorted concerning womens rights concerning adoption and abortion. Facts: Adopted children who talk negative about adoption or talk about the natural mothers are considered to be selfish and inconsiderate. Many people feel the abortion rate would go up if the truth about adoption and its long term effects on mother and child were known. Adoption provides a divorce like situation on children between the natural familyRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion789 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion and Women’s Health Is abortion murder? Abortion is the medical or surgical procedure that ends a pregnancy. It has been a controversial issue ever since it has existed. In Roe v. Wade (1973), the US Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution protects a woman’s right to an abortion through the end of the first trimester or the twelfth week of pregnancy. Psychological and physical as well as negative effects on the society because of abortions. The abortion rights have broughtRead MoreShould Abortion Be Illegal?859 Words   |  4 PagesThousands of women decide to have an abortion each year. An abortion is when a mother decides that they do not want to continue their pregnancy so they terminate the baby/fetus. Abortion is just another term for murder. The baby is an innocent human being who does not get a say about whether or not they want to be born. There are usually two ways that an abortion can occur: a pill or surgery. Abortions affect not only the immediate family, but also their rel atives. Abortions come with many physical and emotionalRead MorePro Choice Vs Pro Life1482 Words   |  6 PagesMost people don’t know that there has been approximately 57,762,169 abortions since the decision was made in Roe vs. Wade in 1973 (Life News). Some people look at this number and are appalled. But others see this and think of all the people who used abortion as a means to a second chance. Abortion has long been a controversial topic in the U.S. but lots of people are choosing sides without really knowing all the facts. Abortion can be seen from many different sides but most know these sides as pro-choice

Balmer Series Definition in Science

The Balmer series is the portion of the emission spectrum of hydrogen that represents electron transitions from energy levels n 2 to n 2. These are four lines in the visible spectrum. They are also known as the Balmer lines.The four visible Balmer lines of hydrogen appear at 410 nm, 434 nm, 486 nm and 656 nm. These are caused by photons produced by electrons in excited states transitioning to more stable energy levels. There are also multiple ultraviolet Balmer lines that have wavelengths shorter than 400 nm. The spectrum becomes continuous approaching 364.6 nm (ultraviolet). Note: While Balmer discovered four visible lines, five other hydrogen spectral series were later discovered for values of n besides 2. The Balmer series in especially important in astronomy. The lines are seem emitted by many stellar objects because most of the universe consists of the element hydrogen. The series is used to help determine the surface temperature of stars. Source Nave, C. R. (2006). Hydrogen Spectrum. HyperPhysics. Georgia State University.

Reasons For The Civil War - 1483 Words

Reason for a Civil War There have been many theories as to why the American Civil War was fought. The North had its reasons and so did the South, but the politically correct reason of slavery is not the only factor. The war also was fought for economic reasons that effected both side of this conflict. Secretary of State William Seward said in 1858, â€Å"On one side are those who believe the war had fundamental causes, that the North and South faced an irrepressible conflict, The Northern Industrialists wanted a war to use as an excuse to get the South’s resources for pennies on the dollar, which would increase their profits when they sold the finished products to the South. They began a campaign about 1830 that would†¦show more content†¦President Lincoln was elected by promising that he would raise the tariffs if elected to 40 present, which would increase revenue to North and the Federal system. This promise was also in the best interest of the North and the ma nufacturing base economy. When Eli Whitney’s invented the cotton gin in 1793, cotton became very profitable for the South. This machine reduce the time it took to separate seeds from the cotton. The cotton gin increased in the number of plantations willing to move from other crops to cotton which increased the need for a large amount of cheap labor, in other words, slaves. The southern economy became a one crop economy, depending on cotton and slavery. The South s Cotton became the cash-cow for the southern economy. The southern states produced two-thirds of the world s supply of cotton, the South had little manufacturing capability, about 29 percent of the railroad tracks, and only 13 percent of the nation s banks. The South did experiment with using slave labor in manufacturing, but for the most part it was well satisfied with its agricultural economy (Arrington, 2015). On the other hand, the northern economy was based more on industry than agriculture. The northern ind ustries would purchase the Southern cotton and produce it into the finished product. This differences

Field of Social Work in Child Practice Free Essays

string(220) " that Compete with the Field of Child Welfare Political conservations and government cut backs on social reform, media and societal oppositions continue to be a constant challenge to the field of social work in general\." Field of Social Work Practice in Child Welfare Definition of the Field The Encyclopedia Britannica defines child welfare as services and institutions concerned with the physical, social and psychological well-being of children, particularly children suffering from the effects of poverty or lacking normal parental care and supervision (Child Welfare, 2010). Working with children and families is the second largest area of practice for social workers, and it is most popular with those who have a Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) Degree (Berg-Weger, 2010). National Organizations Addressing Child Welfare Practice A brief description of The Child Welfare System helps to better understand the role of social workers in this field. We will write a custom essay sample on Field of Social Work in Child Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Under the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), The Child Welfare system emerged. Primarily state and local regulated, this system encompasses the primary responsibility of implementing, overseeing and enforcing laws and policies aligned to protect the welfare of children. Services provided under the child welfare system include the following: †¢ Support or coordinate service to prevent child abuse and neglect †¢ Provide services to families that need help protecting and caring for their children †¢ Oversee the investigation of reports of possible child abuse and neglect †¢ Oversee temporary and foster care of children when safety cannot be assured at home †¢ Support the well-being of children living with relatives or foster families, including ensuring their educational needs are addressed †¢ Oversee family reunification, adoption or other permanent family connections for children and youth leaving foster care Although each state has a public child welfare agency, the child welfare system is not a single entity. Public child welfare agencies often collaborate with private child welfare agencies, community-based organizations and other public agencies to ensure that abused or neglected children receive the services they ne ed. The Children’s Bureau (CB), another national organization, is the first federal agency within the United States (U. S. ) overnment to focus exclusively on the improving the lives of children and families. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is a professional organization created specifically for the social work profession and serves to provide information and education to the profession and advocate on behalf of social work professionals (Berg-Weger, 2010). The Social Work Policy Institution (SWPI) is a unit within the NASW whose primary responsibility is to examine issues that relate to social workers and perform research to gather empirical data and statistics that directly and indirectly impact how public agencies and other structures deliver health and human services. The mission of SWPI is to strengthen the voice of social workers in public policy deliberations, inform policymakers through collection and dissemination of information on social work effectiveness, and to create a forum to examine current and future issues in health care and social service delivery (Social Work Policy Institute,2012 ). The Role of Child Welfare Social Workers The role of the social worker in the field of child welfare involves a wide variety of settings within the child welfare system which includes direct involvement with an array of external professions and agencies (e. g. courts, law enforcement, psychiatrists, psychologists and other health care delivery team professionals). This collaboration is necessary to better ensure a holistic and efficient resolution approach for clients such that the safety and best interest of the child is always first and foremost; while working toward the goal of family reunification when feasible. The role of the child welfare social worker entails: †¢ On-going follow-ups and investigation of reports of possible child abuse and/or neglect †¢ Meticulous assessments / detailed reports, and recommendations to courts and other services within the child welfare system †¢ Coordination of supportive child care, parenting classes, and in-home family preservation services †¢ On-going follow-ups, monitoring child and family progress and evaluations of planned outcomes †¢ When applicable, coordination and follow-up of mental health services, counseling and substance abuse treatment †¢ A liaison between client(s)and other multi-collaborative team members In addition, one of the most significant roles of the child welfare social worker is the mandated reporting of child abuse. Social workers have a legal responsibility to report suspicion of any form of child abuse and/or exploitation regardless to whether the information is based on direct or indirect knowled ge of incidents. The social worker works closely with local law enforcement agencies and family court systems that rely heavily on the high quality assessments as well as other recommendations from the social worker in order to implement immediate safeguards and/or take immediate action when necessary to remove a child from a harmful or potentially harmful environment. Family preservation and implementing measures that safeguard the child, and acting in the best interest of the child is always the overall goal collectively within the child welfare system and individually for the social worker when making decisions, recommendations and referrals on behalf of a child. Social Problems in the Field Although the field of child welfare encompasses a variety of issues within the practice settings of family services, adoption programs and elementary and secondary school settings, child abuse is one of the most serious issues facing social workers in this field (Berg-Weger, 2010). This issue alone, reported by the SWPI, has created an emotional toll on social workers in the field of child welfare along with a steady increase in caseloads ranging from ten to one hundred and ten cases per social worker (The Social Work Career Center, 2012). This makes recruitment and retention in this field an on-going challenge. As front-line workers in the protection of children, social workers in this field are at high risk of becoming victims of violence as they are not usually accompanied by law enforcement during the initial follow-up on reports of abuse. Another area within the child welfare system that creates a social dilemma is the costs associated with child abuse and neglect mainly including hospital care and foster care. The social and economic consequences and costs of child abuse and neglect impact our society both directly and indirectly. The greatest cost being the displacement and offense against children. Professions that Compete with the Field of Child Welfare Political conservations and government cut backs on social reform, media and societal oppositions continue to be a constant challenge to the field of social work in general. You read "Field of Social Work in Child Practice" in category "Papers" Particularly in the field of child welfare, and despite the fortitude of those who remain committed to the client goal of finding families more quickly through safe reunification, adoption, and legal guardianship, the difficult and challenging daily tasks of child welfare social workers are seldom publicly acknowledged unless under scrutiny. Moreover, due to the complexities of the child welfare system, one hundred percent safety for all children is a goal to be achieved, but is rarely attained. Child welfare is a field of practice that is identified by the public as being primarily a social work domain. However, less than thirty percent of child welfare workers have a professional social work degree (BSW or Master of Social Work (MSW)). In some states the number of professional social workers in public child welfare is as low as three percent, with fewer than fifteen percent of states requiring a BSW or MSW degree for any child welfare position (Social Work Policy Institute,2012). In addition, there is a high turnover with the highest turnover rates from those who are hired with the least educational background and training (Social Work Policy Institute,2012). This dilemma creates a higher caseload and workload on those who hold the longest record of remaining in the field. That is, the degreed professionals (Social Work Policy Institute,2012). Job Opportunities According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the number of children under the age of 18 in the U. S. has grown from forty-seven million since 1950 to seventy-three point five million. By the year 2030, this number is expected to grow to eighty-five point seven million. The BLS also estimates the need for 595,000 social workers, with an expected growth of twenty percent employment of child welfare social workers. The average growth rate for all occupations is fourteen percent. The demand for child and family social workers should continue to grow because they will be needed to investigate child abuse cases and to place children in foster care and with adoptive families. However, growth in this occupation is subject to limited budget constraints at all levels of government which will have impact on closing the gap on the shortage of social workers in this field and overall job opportunities. Salaries vary depending on location, experience and benefits offered. However, the median annual wage as reported by BLS is $40,210 annually (Bureau of Labor and Statistics, 2012). Important Trends The CB reported that in any given year an estimation of one million children come to the attention of the child welfare system. In 2010 an estimated 701,158 children were determined to be victims of abuse and neglect and an estimated 1,537 children died related to child abuse or neglect. As the NASW Center for Workforce Studies states, child abuse and neglect occur in all segments of society, within families from all walks of life, at all income levels, all religious denominations and all racial and cultural backgrounds. These facts indicate that child welfare requires knowledge and skills in assessment, active engagement, intervention, the use of authority, and an expert ability to negotiate and manage appropriate community resources for an immeasurable client base. This further indicates a need for more comprehensive strategies that target both the recruitment and education of the next generation of professional social workers, and the training of current practitioners. The NASW reports that currently, hiring requirements for social workers in child welfare vary. Targets for action as reported by the SWPI include influencing social work education as a requirement to practice in the field, expanding use of data and research, influencing service delivery, and strengthening policy and practice linkages. The NASW continues to advocate for measures to decrease the shortage of social workers in the field of child welfare social work and to ensure consumers have access to qualified professionals. One such measure to recruit more degreed child welfare social workers is promoting student loan forgiveness for social work college graduates. For example, while The Higher Education Act has been authorized by Congress to offer loan forgiveness, they have yet to allocate the funds toward this program to pay-off student loans (The Social Work Career Center, 2012). However, the NASW remains vocal on behalf of social workers to get funds appropriated for this program. These are just a few examples of the on-going work to improve working conditions, salaries and other benefits for members of the profession. Other sources include the College Cost Reduction Act of 2007 that also offers a loan forgiveness program that will discharge any remaining educational debt after ten years of full-time employment in public service. These shifts mark significant trends toward improved support of social workers particularly in the field of child welfare, and even more promising employment opportunities for social work graduates who are interested in child welfare. Summary A unique aspect in the area of child welfare is working closely and diligently to combat one of the most sensitive issues of our society, that is, the abuse and/or neglect of children. This aspect alone makes the decision to pursue a career in child welfare a most rewarding one but challenging at the same time. The field of child welfare is professionally, emotionally, and personally taxing, and often misunderstood and under-supported. With the reported rates of child population growth and the alarming rates of reported child abuse, the need for well trained and educated social workers is critical to this field of social work in particular. In order to provide adequate and improved support for social workers and the children and families who encompass this field, supportive efforts on the part of state and federal levels, and other organizations like NASW and SWPI helps to offer a more promising outlook and outcomes for all who remain committed to achieve a most difficult task of one hundred percent safety of all children. How to cite Field of Social Work in Child Practice, Papers

Project Management Journal Of International -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Project Management Journal Of International? Answer: Introducation The experience that I have been proud of as a leader is when I was in my college days and an annual event was conducted wherein my position was event manager. I had taken entire responsibility of the event in an effectual approach, wherein there were five members were working under me and I dispersed the tasks accordingly. However, there was a huge calamity had taken place on the day of the main event. The four point DVD player stopped functioning, this caused massive commotion with my whole team, and firstly I could not comprehend how to handle the entire condition in an effectual manner. However, I tried to handle the entire state of affairs effectively by engaging the audiences in other activities. I tackled the circumstances by engaging them in performing different games and activities. This helped me in managing the situation in an effective manner with my leadership skills by being certain. I took decisions myself wherein I delayed the dance and singing curriculum and started with the quiz and debate, as this did not make the public uninterested. With my decision-making capabilities, I tackled the situation and the audiences were happy and interactive in nature. I gathered all the contestants who were taking part in the quiz within ten minutes and arranged the entire competition within a short time. With my full courage, I tried to scrutinize the situation and solved it with the assistance of my teammates by organizing the entire event in a different manner. I tried to manage the entire circumstances in such a manner that this helped me in understanding the different possibilities that can be applied to avoid such situation. At first, I was petrified to handle the situation in an effective manner as the entire responsibility of the event was on me and I had the entire accountability to finish the task, as there were special guests who were imperative for the entire company. As a leader, I tried handling the situation in an effective manner that helped me in tackling the folks in the event. I tried reaching the mechanic for coming to the spot and repairing the DVD player as it is urgent, however it was a Sunday and the mechanic did not pick up my call. Furthermore, I contacted one of my friends who were expert in handling the different issues related to the repairing of the music system. Finally, I convinced my friend, he came down to my college to mend and look into the faults that had taken place in the music system. Finally, as a leader I was confident and proud enough as I solved the matter in a successful manner. I was stress-free after the dilemma was sorted and I finished the function in a good note. The whole program ended successfully and I was proud of myself as a leader I performed well in leading the entire event in the college. As a result, I can comment that I have the leadership quality in myself that I have able to manage the entire situation very effectively. After that particular incident, I have seen that I have the leadership quality in me that is required in different event programs that is held in colleges to make the event successful. I feel due to my decision-making capabilities and confident nature, I have handled the situation in an effective manner and this has brought huge success in my career as well as in the program that has been organized by me in my college. When I started my career, few years back as a team member with a respective organization. In the respective company, I worked under a team leader who was well organized and effectual as the leader and learnt different leadership qualities from the respective individual as well. After a few months, noticing and analyzing my performance, my team member recommended me to the higher authorities in the organization. I was appointed as the team leader of a respective team wherein around six members were working under me. I was working and performing well as the leader and handled the entire team effectively and I understood the different issues that have been faced by the members. I was excited to perform my tasks as the leader in the organization and I felt that I would be successful in it as well. On a particular day, a respective team member came up to me and asked a query that has been faced by her regarding a task that has to be performed individually. I made her understand the different areas that she could not understand and helped her with solutions. She came up to me in order to understand the different concepts regarding the specific topic in an effective manner. I was frustrated in nature as she was not able to understand the task properly and she was doing it incorrect every time. I checked the entire task done by her and other team mates in the group and understood that she did not understood the matter that has been explained by me. However, the task that was performed by her was not up to the mark and I called her to my cabin, shouted at her, and told her to get out from my cabin. Furthermore, after sometime when I checked the task that has been performed by her, I saw that she has followed the same directions that were provided by me. However, I felt that it was my mistake that I told her the wrong concept for performing the task. I was guilty as I shouted on her without any mistake committed by her. I have checked the task and understood my faults as well that was corrected by me in an effective manner. Later, I realized that I was wrong as shouting on her was not the solution of making the stuff correct. I went up to her and apologized about my behavior. I was disappointed as I did not prove to be good leader and this is not expected from the team leader in any organization. I remembered that when I was the team member and working under my team leader, he used to make me understand the different issues that have been made by me. I realized my fault of shouting at my team member who has contributed a huge amount of hard work in completing the task with proper dedication. In my cabin, I tried to analyze the entire situation and understood that I should make her and my entire team understand the different faults that has been done by me. However, that particular team member left the job and I was guilty as this was due to my rude behavior that she has taken such steps to leave the job. Later on, I called her many times and apologized to her about the rude behavior that I have done with her. However, she did not return and from that day onwards I have promised myself that I will behave in a proper and decent manner with all my team members as all of them are valuable and because of them, I am able to perform my duties effectively and in an easy manner as well. I learnt that leadership qualities are essential to be adopted by me as this helps in maintaining a balance between the different employees in the workplace. Ten leadership features that have been learnt by me are as follows: Confidence Proper vision Responsible Focus Innovation Patience Positivity Courageous Flexible Impartial There are different leadership features that has to be analyzed in such a manner that this will help in understanding the effectiveness of the leaders in different fields. a) Leader is someone who knows the approach, shows the way and goes that way b) Leadership is not about designation or title c) Leadership is not title or position; it is action or example Responsible is one of the characteristics that are required in order to understand the requirements of the different team members. leaders should be able to handle different conflict situations in an effective manner Focus is essential in nature as the passion and focus is essential for a leader to understand the issues faced by a team. Innovation is another element that is required as this will help in generating innovative strategies that will help the leader in maintaining cordial relationship between the different employees and team mates Patience is essential in nature, as the good leader needs to identify the risks involved in the task and handle it with patience. The patience level has to be high in a leader as there can be unwanted risks at different point of times Positivity is important in a good leader as this will help in innovating new ideas with positive approach and solve issues in a positive manner Courageous is another element, as the leaders need to take up different risks to manage the activities of the team in an effectual manner. Flexible is essential as a good leader needs to be flexible and adopt different situations in a positive manner. They require to welcome new ideas and change Impartial is essential in nature as good leaders are impartial in nature. They are unbiased about their different opinions on others as this is necessary Confidence is essential as this will help in providing confidence to the team mates in such a manner that this will help in completing different difficult tasks in an effectual manner Proper vision is essential and it is required, as this will help leader in understanding the tasks properly. The vision is required to analyze and complete the tasks within deadline References Day, D.V., Fleenor, J.W., Atwater, L.E., Sturm, R.E. and McKee, R.A., 2014. Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.63-82. DuBrin, A.J., 2015.Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Frankel, A. and PGCMS, R., 2018. What leadership styles should senior nurses develop?.Surge,2, p.54. Frich, J.C., Brewster, A.L., Cherlin, E.J. and Bradley, E.H., 2015. Leadership development programs for physicians: a systematic review.Journal of general internal medicine,30(5), pp.656-674. Lussier, R.N. and Achua, C.F., 2015.Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. Mendenhall, M.E., Osland, J., Bird, A., Oddou, G.R., Stevens, M.J., Maznevski, M.L. and Stahl, G.K. eds., 2017.Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Muenjohn, N. and Armstrong, A., 2015. Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers.international Journal of Business and information,2(2). Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Yang, L.R., Huang, C.F. and Hsu, T.J., 2014. Knowledge leadership to improve project and organizational performance.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.40-53.

Night Study Questions free essay sample

Dehumanization played a significant role throughout Elie Wiesels Night. In many historic references to the Holocaust the killing of the Jews were described as methodical and systematical(The Jewish Outreach Institute), though this is true, these heinous crimes were made even worse by the dehumanizing and appalling treatment and conditions that the Jews were put through. Here are some examples: The people of Sighet faced horrifying conditions during their deportation to the death camp Auschwitz. They were transported in cattle cars for 4 days with almost no food or water, poor ventilation, crowded space, and unsanitary conditions. As Wiesel later wrote Life in the cattle cars was the death of my adolescence. (Aikman, p. 326. ) According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary the definition of dehumanization is to deprive of human qualities, personality, or spirit. That is what happened to Wiesel and many others upon the arrival of Auschwitz. They were forced to strip naked, then doused with petrol and had their hair cut off. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Study Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After standing outside in the freezing cold the worst was yet to come for 15 year old Wiesel. He was tattooed on his left arm with a number that would soon become his identity. One of the worst things about the dehumanization that Wiesel faced is not only did he have to endure such cruelty but that it succeeded in stripping him of his virtues and self. This happened, on some level, to all of the Holocaust victims; a sad truth that is shown in the journey to Buchenwald. Riding once again in a roofless cattle wagon with no food or privacy, the Jewish prisoners were little more than mindless, frozen bodies. When a loaf of bread was thrown in the car by some German workman as a sick experiment the prisoners reacted like beastly savages trying to get at the food. A son even killed his father for a small piece of bread! 2. After Eliezer’s father was beaten by Idek, a Kapo, Eliezer says, I had watched the whole scene without moving. I kept quiet. In fact I was thinking of how to get farther away so that I would not be hit myself. What is more, any anger I felt at that moment was directed, not against the Kapo, but against my father. I was angry with him, for not knowing how to avoid Idek’s outbreak. That is what concentration camp life had made of me. Discuss what the last line signifies. Discuss how his attitude had changed. The last line That is what concentration life has made of me signifies that Eliezer realizes that his life in the concentration camp has degraded him to the point that he would stand aside as his father is beaten and even blame him for not somehow avoiding the Kapos anger. This is another example of how Eliezer and many other prisoners were dehumanized. They became so accustomed to the violence and cruelty of the German soldiers that they began to avoid it at all costs even becoming indifferent to the well-being of their loved ones and fellow Jews. At first, Eliezer was inseparable from his father, creating distractions to keep him from the crematory and sharing his rations with him. Overtime, after repeatedly facing the random cruelties, he begins avoiding the punishments as much as possible and focusing more on his own survival. Eliezers anger toward his father getting beat by Idek shows that the brutality of the death camps has changed his attitude to the point that he no longer focuses on the cruelty of the beating but on how to avoid it. 3. Discuss why you think the townspeople remained complacent despite the advance of the German army. I believe there are many reasons that the townspeople remained complacent despite the advance of the German army. One of the main reasons being the people of Sighet were receiving news that the Red Army would defeat the approaching Germans quickly before they could reach the town. Another reason the townspeople might not have moved was because they did not believe that Hitlers German regime could annihilate the whole Jewish population that is spread throughout so many nations. The townspeople of Sighet also could not comprehend how the Germans would exterminate them and with what means. They thought, This is the twentieth century, not the Middle Ages. Since the war seemed so far away the Jews of Sighet remained optimistic despite Moishe the Beadles warnings. To many of them, including Eliezers father, it was not worth liquidating their lives in Sighet to move to another country over the possibility of what Hitler promised. Even as the German army came closer and closer the townspeople did not believe the Germans would come that far for strategic and political reasons. 4. Discuss why Eliezer lied to Stein, his relative, about Stein’s family. Discuss whether or not you think he was morally right. When Stein, a forgotten relative, approached Eliezer and his father on their eight day of living in the concentration camp, Auschwitz, he wanted information on his wife and two kids whom Eliezers mother had corresponded with in the past. Stein and his family had been separated two years ago and he desperately wanted to know how they were doing. While Eliezer did not have any knowledge about Steins family, caught between indecision, he decided to lie. He said that they had been in correspondence and the family was doing well. Although this information brought Stein to tears of joy I do not believe he was morally right. Eliezer was in a difficult situation caught between telling the truth that might destroy Stein or lying which might give him hope and a reason to survive. Part of Eliezers decision to lie was derived from his religious past. He wanted to bring Stein some happiness by lying instead of causing him pain by telling the truth. Eliezer probably also considered the fact that the chances of both Stein and his family surviving were very slim so either one or both of them would die before the real news could reach them. In my opinion, Eliezers decision to lie was morally poor. Instead of causing Stein despair he gave him false optimism. Eliezer should have realized that even though he temporarily gave Stein hope once he found out the truth it would be more even more upsetting to have his hope crushed. If Eliezer had given Stein the truth in the first place he might have caused him to get discouraged but Stein probably had low hopes of his familys survival in the first place. Discovering the reality of their situation with the false optimism that his family was alive was too much for Stein. So although Eliezers lie was meant as an act of goodwill in the end it was based on poor morals which caused more harm than good. 5. Discuss the significance of night in the novel. Cite examples from the story to support your answer. Reading Wiesels novel Night has given me a brief idea of the horrors that young Eliezer experienced during the Holocaust. Although my literary experience of one of the darkest periods in human history hardly gives me a solid ground to compare to what Wiesel and the millions of other Jews have been through I can definitely relate this memoir with the significant symbol night. The symbol night seem to be an underlying theme throughout the whole novel. Wiesel refers to it many times as seen in the following passages: [ ] [W]e no longer thought about anything. The verdict had been delivered. That evening, our mother made us go to bed early. To conserve our strength, she said. It was to be the last night spent in our house. (Wiesel 43) Some pressed against the bars to see. There was nothing. Only the darkness of night. (Wiesel 50) The night seemed endless. ( Wiesel 51) NEVER SHALL I FORGET that night, the first night in camp, that turned my life into one long night seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the small faces of the children whose bodies I saw transformed into smoke under a silent sky. Never shall I forget those flames that consumed my faith forever. Never shall I forget the nocturnal silence that deprived me for all eternity of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments that murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to ashes. Never shall I forget those things, even were I condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never. ( Wiesel 59) So many events had taken place in just a few hours that I had completely lost all notion of time. When had we left our homes? And the ghetto? And the train? Only a week ago? One night? One single night? ( Wiesel 62) Why, but why would I bless Him? Every fiber in me rebelled. Because He caused thousands of children to burn in His mass graves? Because He kept six crematoria working day and night, including Sabbath and the Holy Days? ( Wiesel 92) How could I say to Him: Blessed be Thou, Almighty, Master of the Universe, who chose us among all nations to be tortured day and night, to watch as our fathers, our mothers, our brothers end up in the furnaces? ( Wiesel 92) We were all going to die here. All limits had been passed. No one had any strength left. And again the night would be long. (Wiesel 98) It was cold. We got into our bunks. The last night in Buna. Once more, the last night. The last night at home, the last night in the ghetto, the last night in the cattle car, and, now, the last night in Buna. How much longer would our lives be lived from one last night to the next? ( Wiesel 108) The gates of the camp opened. It seemed as though an even darker night was waiting for us on the other side. (Wiesel 109) Pressed tightly against one another, in an effort to resist the cold, our heads empty and heavy, our brains a whirlwind of decaying memories. Our minds numb with indifference. Here or elsewhere, what did it matter? Die today or tomorrow, or later? The night was growing longer, never-ending. ( Wiesel 123) WE RECEIVED no food. We lived on snow; it took the place of bread. The days resembled the nights, and the nights left in our souls the dregs of their darkness. ( Wiesel 125) The lament spread from wagon to wagon. It was contagious. And now hundreds of cries rose at once. The death rattle of an entire convoy with the end approaching. All boundaries had been crossed. Nobody had any strength left. And the night seemed endless. (Wiesel 128) All these examples can be used to expound upon different meanings of the symbolic word night. It could refer to the fear and mystery that the dark night brought to the prisoners or the horrible and unspeakable things that occurred at night. Maybe Wiesel used the title Night to represent how the world was silent as millions were exterminated or how the Holocaust seemed to be a never ending night that enveloped them in darkness and sorrow with no hope of light. The title night can also be explained by Wiesels religious views, the darkening of his faith as he witnessed more and more evil. Perhaps night refers to one particular night like his first night in the camp, the night his father died, or both of them! Personally, the passage that to me showed the significance of night was the Preface to the New Translation, particularly this following part: Writing in my mother tongue—at that point close to extinction—I would pause at every sentence, and start over and over again. I would conjure up other verbs, other images, other silent cries. It still was not right. But what exactly was it? It was something elusive, darkly shrouded for fear of being usurped, profaned. All the dictionary had to offer seemed meager, pale, lifeless. Was there a way to describe the last journey in sealed cattle cars, the last voyage toward the unknown? Or the discovery of a demented and glacial universe where to be inhuman was human, where disciplined, educated men in uniform came to kill, and innocent children and weary old men came to die? Or the countless separations on a single fiery night, the tearing apart of entire families, entire communities? Or, incredibly, the vanishing of a beautiful, well-behaved little Jewish girl with golden hair and a sad smile, murdered with her mother the very night of their arrival? How was one to speak of them without trembling and a heart broken for all eternity? I believe that it can be interpreted as night. As Wiesel stated in the passage above, there are no words to summarize what him and millions of other Jews have been through. The word night has no significance until you realize that it is not a simple word but a representation of all the pain and suffering that took place during the Holocaust. The significance of the word night is unimportant itself but what it represents should never be forgotten. 6. Explain the author’s meaning when he says after the handing of the youth from Warsaw that the soup tasted excellent that evening, yet after the pipel was hanged, the soup tasted of corpses. As a Jew living in a death camp during the Holocaust Eliezer witnessed and experienced brutality and death on a daily basis. In order to survive the exposure to such horrors Wiesel and other prisoners either consciously or subconsciously learned to look the other way to numb themselves from the pain. To focus on the death and the dead and dying would be a death sentence itself. So when the youth from Warsaw were hanged it did not affect Wiesel that much because that was the violent environment he had grown used to. He knew that although the boys from Warsaw were still young in age they had 3 years in the concentration camps behind them and most likely knew what the consequences would be when they broke the rules. On the other hand the pipel was a young boy with an angelic face that was beloved by all. Even though most pipels were often cruel and hated, this one and the Dutch Oberkapo he served, were loved like brothers by their prisoners. The young pipel and Dutch Oberkapo were accused of possession of weapons and although they both were tortured for weeks neither gave names. When Eliezer along with several thousands of other inmates watched the pipels hanging all began weeping, even the SS were bothered by the act. For more than half an hour they watched the child suffer before them because his body was not heavy enough to suffocate him instantly. As Wiesel was forced to march by and look at him in close range, the pipel was still alive. Not only did the horrible image remain with Wiesel but the pipel was also a representation of all the innocents that were being slaughtered by the Nazi army. This appalling act broke through the numbness that Eliezer had used as a shield. Instead of concerning himself solely with food and avoiding punishment, that night as he ate the soup with the image of the dead pipel in his mind, the soup tasted of corpses.

How to Write a Sample of Hero Essay

How to Write a Sample of Hero EssayYou have to write a sample of Hero essay if you want to be an effective writer. How do you write a sample?The answer is that you are not a genius or a super genius, but an ordinary person with special ability to come up with a masterpiece. So, if you are not capable of coming up with your own great idea, find out how to do that. Good ways to learn to write a sample include visiting a magazine and reading the articles there. If you are very creative, then you can also find examples in the internet.Aside from reading articles, another great way to come up with samples is to look through magazines. Do not just read one article, check each and every article you can. These articles give you an insight to various writing techniques. If you can follow these methods and apply them to your essay, you will be able to give a masterful performance.You have to try to find a good example and write it down. After that, come up with your own version of that example . For instance, let's say that there is a famous movie that you know a lot about. In order to write a sample of Hero essay, you have to write an essay about the famous movie.First, make sure that you never underestimate your own ability to write an essay. If you think that you can't do it, then quit. Go and do the exercises or watch some other essay.Write the original version, so that you don't have to revise it. Then, sit and watch some movies that would be related to the topic.Next, come up with a new example of the original one. Go through the exercise that you did before and revise it.

Nikola Tesla Essays

Nikola Tesla Essays Nikola Tesla Essay Nikola Tesla Essay Nikola TeslaBy far the most controversial scientist in mankind history. Father of alternate current. Edisons main rival. Elecktrotechnical magician and many more. This is just a few nicknames for such an outstanding person – Nikola Tesla. I have been impressed by this great man, since my high school, as I was studying electrotechnics after my decision to become a technician was made. His brilliant inventions have caught my heart and have never released it.Nikola Tesla was an american inventor with Serbian roots, born in nowadays Croatia in the middle 18?s. It have not took a long time and his talent was revealed by professors at the university who put him to progressive physics experiments. After studies he worked as technician for many companies, since finally he moved to America, consequently where he started to cooperate with T.A. Edison. In spite of their mutual assets, Nikola was much more oriented to electromagnetic fields and alternate current, which he is going to inve nt later. Due to growing conflict they splitted up. The â€Å"war of currents† could have began.Nikola Tesla is nearly as impressive as Alberter Einstein, in the field of practical usage even more. Most of us are not able to realize his shrewd, determined, generous and genuine approach to invent something beyond human comprehension. I admire him because of his by far the most fatigueless spirit I have ever seen. Society havent accepted his progressive ideas, Edison led secret war against him, nobody wanted to grant his research, yet against all the obstacles he sticked to his guns and never eased up. There is also many mysteries merged with him, like project philadelphia, Tunguska, Tesla coil or wireless transfer of energy. Through World War 2 Nazis have stolen many of Nikolas notebooks and researches, which have not been revealed since today.To conclude, I have much highest opinion of Nikola Tesla. As for me he is the legend, who is worth to follow, who to take example of. M ost of

A Brief History of Manchuria

A Brief History of Manchuria Manchuria is the region of northeastern China that now covers the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. Some geographers also include northeastern Inner Mongolia, as well. Manchuria has a long history of conquering and being conquered by its southwestern neighbor, China. Naming Controversy The name Manchuria is controversial. It comes from a European adoption of the Japanese name Manshu, which the Japanese began to use in the nineteenth century. Imperial Japan wanted to pry that area free from Chinese influence. Eventually, in the early 20th century, Japan would annex the region outright.   The so-called Manchu people themselves, as well as the Chinese, did not use this term, and it is considered problematic, given its connections with Japanese imperialism. Chinese sources generally call it the Northeast or the Three Northeast Provinces. Historically, it is also known as Guandong, meaning east of the pass. Nonetheless, Manchuria is still considered to be the standard name for northeastern China in the English language.   The Manchu People Manchuria is the traditional land of the Manchu  (formerly called the Jurchen), the Xianbei (Mongols), and the  Khitan  peoples. It also has long-standing populations of Korean and Hui Muslim people.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹In total, the Chinese central government recognizes 50 ethnic minority groups in Manchuria.  Today, it is home to more than 107 million people; however, the vast majority of them are ethnic Han Chinese. During the late Qing Dynasty (19th and early 20th centuries), the ethnic-Manchu Qing emperors encouraged their Han Chinese subjects to settle the area that was the Manchu homeland. They took this surprising step to counter Russian expansionism in the region. The mass migration of Han Chinese is called the  Chuang Guandong, or the venture into the east of the pass. Manchuria's History The first empire to unite nearly all of Manchuria was the Liao Dynasty (907 - 1125 CE). The Great Liao is also known as the Khitan Empire, which took advantage of the collapse of Tang China to spread its territory into China proper, as well. The Manchuria-based Khitan Empire was powerful enough to demand and receive tribute from Song China and also from the Goryeo Kingdom in Korea. Another Liao tributary people, the Jurchen, overthrew the Liao Dynasty in 1125 and formed the Jin Dynasty. The Jin would go on to rule much of northern China and Mongolia from 1115 to 1234 CE. They were conquered by the rising Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. After the Mongols Yuan Dynasty in China fell in 1368, a new ethnic Han Chinese dynasty arose called the Ming. The Ming were able to assert control over Manchuria and forced the Jurchens and other local people to pay tribute to them. However, when unrest broke out in the late Ming era, the emperors invited Jurchen/Manchu mercenaries to fight in the civil war.  Instead of defending the Ming, the Manchus conquered all of China in 1644. Their new empire, ruled by the Qing Dynasty, would be the last Imperial Chinese Dynasty  and lasted until 1911. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Manchuria was conquered by the Japanese, who renamed it Manchukuo. It was a puppet empire, headed by the former Last Emperor of China, Puyi. Japan launched its invasion of China proper from Manchukuo; it would hold on to Manchuria until the end of World War II. When the Chinese Civil War ended in a victory for the communists in 1949, the new Peoples Republic of China took control of Manchuria. It has remained a part of China ever since.

'The historical importance of law to feminism and the women's movement Essay

'The historical importance of law to feminism and the women's movement cannot be under-estimated.' Discuss - Essay Example They began to criticize a system which had relegated them to the household and to the roles of wife and mother, and to demonstrate in support of laws and other measures which would allow them to extend their role, and to prove that they were at least the equals of men. At the same time, they criticized the ideologies which had outlined this restricted role for them, and female academics, in law but also in sociology, history, psychology and other areas, attempted a fundamental revision of existing frameworks which were now held to be inadequate. However, the relationship between feminism and the law is more complex than a consistent attack of the one by the other. Some of the most important breakthroughs for the women’s movement have involved the establishment of legal precedents to ensure that progress is enforceable by law. Nevertheless, it is also true to say that the feminist critique of law has become more comprehensive over time, and what might be called ‘postmoder n’1 feminism has refuted the legitimacy of the basic values which law claims to represent and defend. There is a general consensus, outlined by Naffine2 and Cain3, among others, that the historical links between law, feminism and the women’s movement can be divided into three main phases. In general terms, the first phase was characterised by feminist concerns about the male domination of law and the legal professions, and the ways in which men have operated a legal system designed to uphold the values of their own society and to perpetuate their power. The second phase broadened the attack, with feminists exploring the masculinity and masculine values which informs everything about law, and means that it is unable to take account of female values and experience, and does not operate for their benefit. More recently, feminists have extended this critique further, contending that the key values on which law claims to be based – justice and impartiality, for examp le – are compromised by its exclusion of female experience, so that these values become inherently male values. It is worth exploring each of these phases in more detail. In the first phase of feminist legal critique, from the mid-1960s, the vision of the law as a generally rational and fair institution was not much questioned. The law was seen as an institution currently monopolised by men, but prime territory for women to critique and infiltrate, so that the removal of legal constraints on female freedom could take place. Indeed, it was considered by the feminist mainstream that recourse to law would offer an opportunity for gaining effective women’s rights. The male monopoly of the legal profession was seen as a key obstruction, and a way to preserve jobs for men, with Sachs and Wilson arguing that men ‘manifest a grudging tolerance rather than a facilitative welcome to women entrants’4. Therefore, law was being criticised for not conforming to the own high standards of equality and objectivity it claimed to uphold. Of course, it was not only a matter of personnel. There was also an established male bias in legal thinking, perhaps to be expected in an institution dominated by men, with feminists complaining that it restricted the role of women to the private sphere5. By the end of this first phase, feminists and women’

Annual reporting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Annual reporting - Assignment Example The company is actively involved in corporate social responsibility (CSR). Members of TELLUS, both current and retired in unison with friends and family members are giving back to the community by volunteering their time (4.2 million hours), donating money ($ 46 million) and participating (more than 5000 team members) in charitable events and to the non-profitable organizations. This social responsibility improves the company’s image creating goodwill as the surrounding community view the company as an institution concerned with the development of the community. Identify the major components provided in the five- or ten-year summary. Summarize the insight provided by each. Look for trends, increases or decreases. Consistent performance signals management has control of the business. Inconsistent performance signals management does not have control of the business. The company’s employees who are members of board of directors is one, that is the chief executive, whereas the non-company directors are 12 in numbers. This implies that there are more outside than inside directors in the

Enablers and Inhibitors to Knowledge Management

Enablers and Inhibitors to Knowledge Management Enabling organizations to capture, share, and apply collective experience and know-how of people is emerging as fundamental to competing in the knowledge economy. There is a growing recognition in the business community about the importance of knowledge management. As a result, there is growing enthusiasm and activity centered on knowledge management. Some organizations have taken initiatives to understand and manage this critical resource. But, in spite of these initiatives, several organizations particularly the Small and Medium Enterprises still have not approached knowledge management activity formally or deliberately. The cause for this sluggishness towards knowledge management could be that most organizations are still struggling to comprehend the knowledge management concept. The reason for this confusion may be attributed to a gap between the emerging concept of knowledge management and the lack of understanding about it. To bridge the gap, the fundamental issue of identifyin g salient characteristics of knowledge management phenomena needs to be addressed. The key thesis is that enablers of the knowledge management paradigm often unravel inhibitors in adapting and evolving knowledge management systems for business environments that are characterized by high uncertainty and radical discontinuous change. This paper thus, explores by presenting a hierarchical model the enablers, inhibitors and identifies critical success factors necessary for a successful knowledge management initiative. The paper uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to ascertain the relative importance of the influential factors towards a successful Knowledge Management implementation. Keywords: Knowledge Management Systems, Critical Success Factors, Analytic Hierarchy Process 1. Introduction The information era has caused enterprises to realize the shift from resource economy of controlling land, machines, factories, raw materials, and labor forces to the knowledge economy of creating business value through utilization of intangible knowledge. This has caused knowledge management to be of crucial importance and it has grabbed peoples attention and generated significant discussions both in the academia and industry. The true creation of business value today mainly comes from knowledge and its management. Knowledge is critical in obtaining competitive advantage within an enterprise (Sang and Hong, 2002), enterprises should consider the knowledge to be a critical resource and leverage it judiciously (Gupta et al., 2000; Liebowitz, 2003). To facilitate the knowledge accumulation process, enterprises must encourage employees to share their experience and knowledge with others meanwhile accumulating their knowledge as an organizational asset. Therefore, the activities of knowledge management should enable the creation, communication, and application of knowledge; and they should drive the capability of creating and retaining a greater value onto the core business competencies (Tiwana, 2001). However, there are concerns about enablers and inhibitors to implementing knowledge management for enterprises. In the process of carrying out knowledge management, organizations face varying conditions of corporate culture, workflow processes, and integration of all the employees knowledge. They also need strong support from top management, because it is possible that during the process they will encounter resistance from employees. Organizations also need to increase the usage of information technology in order to help the problem regarding the flow of information. Wong, (2005) suggest the need for a more systematic and deliberate study on the critical success factors (CSFs) for implementing knowledge management is crucial. Organizations need to be cognizant and aware of the factors that will influence the success of a knowledge management initiative. Ignorance and oversight of the necessary important factors will likely hinder an organizations effort to realize its full benefit. Wong, (2005) also indicate that previous studies of critical success factors (CSFs) for knowledge management implementation have been heavily focused on large companies. This is because most of the early adopters and superior performers of knowledge management were in fact large and multinational corporations. As such, existing factors are mainly large companies oriented, thereby reflecting their situations and needs. Directly applying these factors into the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) environment may not be sufficient without an understanding of their very own and specific conditions. Previous studies fall short of studying and identifying the CSFs from the SMEs perspective. They have not considered the features, characteristics and situations of smaller firms. Nor have they explored other factors, which could potentially be more important for SMEs when accomplishing knowledge management. This paper evolves a model for critical success factors for knowledge management implementations in small medium enterprises (SMEs) based on a questionnaire survey. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) framework has been developed for finding the importance of the influential factors. AHP is an effective quantitative tool that helps to prioritize problems, issues or variables based on relevant criteria and alternatives. The applicability and usefulness of the AHP approach as a multi-criteria decision-making tool is well acknowledged in the management literature. The present work has adopted this tool for segregating a few critical aspects of knowledge management implementation from the inconsequential many, so that organizations could focus only on those dimensions that are crucial for their success instead of spending a large quantity of time, effort and resources in mindlessly concentrating on peripheral issues. Hence the objectives of this paper are two-fold: To identify the criteria for the AHP model with respect to issues relating to critical success factors for knowledge management implementations in SMEs To present an AHP framework for absolute measurement of priorities in order to critically evaluate the issues relating to critical success factors for knowledge management implementations in SMEs. 2. Review of Literature 2.1 Enablers to Knowledge Management As organizations embark into managing their knowledge they need to be clear of the factors that influence knowledge management, which are known as knowledge management enablers. Enablers are the driving force in carrying out knowledge management, they do not just generate knowledge in the organization by stimulating the creation of knowledge, but they also motivate the employees to share their knowledge and experiences with one another, allowing organizational knowledge to grow concurrently and systematically (Ichijo et al., 1998; Stonehouse and Pemberton, 1999). Knowledge management enablers are the mechanism for the organization to develop its knowledge and also stimulate an environment within the organization for the creation and protection of knowledge. They are also the necessary building blocks in the improvement of the effectiveness of activities for knowledge management (Ichijo et al., 1998; Stonehouse and Pemberton, 1999). Knowledge management enablers include the methods of knowledge management, organizational structure, corporate culture, information technology, people, and strategies, etc. (Bennett and Gabriel, 1999; Zack, 1999; Davenport, 1997; Long, 1997). A study by Yu et al. (2007) identified a set of critical enablers such as knowledge management team activity, learning orientation, knowledge management system quality, and knowledge management reward for developing organizational capabilities of knowledge management. These critical enablers have a significant, positive influence on knowledge management performance. Research done by Yeh et al. (2006) concludes that strategy and leadership, corporate culture, people, and information technology are four of the enablers in knowledge management. They found that for the strategy and leadership enabler the most important part is to obtain the support of the top managers. For the corporate culture enabler, the important part is the forming of a culture of sharing but needs to be supplemented by information technology. For the people enabler, other than the training courses, the channels of learning and the incentive program for the employees are also key factors. As for the information technology enabler, the speedy search of knowledge for its re-use is becoming more and more important. In practice they discovered that the establishment of a dedicated unit is also a key enabler, and this enabler mainly plays the role of furthering knowledge management, taking communication, and coordinating with other departments as its duty. 2.2 Inhibitors to Knowledge Management The biggest inhibitor to knowledge management implementation arises from unwillingness of people to systematically organize their knowledge. Since, this cannot be solved with technology, different kinds of work are needed. Examples include the promotion of knowledge management amongst people, or requiring top management to give their people pressure to implement knowledge management (Yeh et al., 2006). Chatzoglou and Diamantidis (2009) conducted research that focused on the IT impact on firms non-financial IT risk. Their results indicate that IT risk factors affect mainly coordination and partially information ability but not productivity. Furthermore, the most significant risk factors affecting business performance are management ability, information integrity, controllability and exclusivity. Lin et al. (2005) suggest inhibitors in implementing the knowledge management arise out of strategic, perception, planning and implementation issues. The results of their research reveal that: From the strategic aspect, the upper management should address the enterprises strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats, and then formulate a suitable knowledge management strategy. Furthermore, they should be equipped with information about the activities and performance throughout the organization. From the perception aspect, the critical task of the top managers is to identify the core knowledge required to maintain competitive advantage. Employees and top managers work together for a common goal; thus, employee efforts can guarantee a successful implementation of the knowledge management. Therefore, an organization should provide suitable training and resources to the employees, and use information technology to provide a friendly repository to standardize and store knowledge. The organization should also establish an atmosphere emphasizing knowledge sharing and innovation and encouraging employees to form such a culture through a reward system. From the planning aspect, the action plan should include schedule, people involved and resources required, although it is difficult to transfer the necessary knowledge to the knowledge management plan due to non-standardization. Employees orientation toward knowledge management, including the awareness of the importance and benefits of knowledge management and IT skills for knowledge management process, should be completely addressed. Knowledge-oriented employee assessments can also fail if they are not linked closely to existing incentive systems. The company should take steps to build up the trust of the knowledge owners by associating knowledge sharing to pay and incentives. From the implementation aspect, a robust set of metrics that evaluates the value of the knowledge management after implementation will need to be developed. It is essential that the top managers instill in the employees the importance and benefits of knowledge management. Employees often fear that if they pass on their knowledge to others, they will endanger their own position, authority, even power in the organization. Training and communication are essential to calm down employees fears of change, and perhaps to help them to enjoy new ways of working with their colleagues. Thus, firms need to create the right circumstance around the organization, primarily in the areas of knowledge management activities and culture. Jennex and Zakharova (2005) suggest a holistic approach that addresses critical elements such as an effective technological infrastructure; integrating the technology infrastructure into everyday processes; having an enterprise-wide knowledge structure or taxonomy; a knowledge management strategy; knowledge management metrics of success and identification of inhibitors of knowledge usage. Lang (2001) identified several inhibitors to knowledge creation and utilization in organizations. First, there may be inadequate care of those organizational relationships that promote knowledge creation. Second, there may be insufficient linkage between knowledge management and corporate strategy. Thirdly, inaccurate valuation of the contribution that knowledge makes to organizations profits renders the value of knowledge management ambiguous. Fourthly, there may be a pervasive lack of holism in knowledge management efforts. Finally perhaps not something ordinarily considered a problem for managers to deal with -poor verbal skills may hinder the actual processes of knowledge creation. Plessis, (2007) feel that the management of the inhibitors to knowledge management would need to be a mix of cultural, organizational, process, management and technology initiatives. The challenge is to select and combine the methods and approaches available, and harness them to address the organizations business needs. 2.3 Critical Success Factors for Knowledge Management Generic critical success factors exist for knowledge management; however, each organizational environment and culture is unique and presents unique critical success factors. Co-creation with all relevant stakeholders is extremely important on this road to understand the organizational culture and idiosyncrasies well before embarking on a knowledge management journey, as far as possible. Critical success factors specific to an environment are, however, often only identified once the journey has started, and it is thus important for a knowledge management strategy to be flexible to take these factors into account. The end state will be different than the original strategy and roadmap for an organizational knowledge management implementation due to these unique critical success factors. Adaptability and flexibility to take unique critical success factors into account will therefore be a critical success factor in itself (Plessis , 2007). As asserted by Frey (2001), although large organizations have led the way in introducing and implementing knowledge management, it is increasingly important for small businesses to manage their collective intellect. Okunoye and Karsten (2002) stated that knowledge management has indeed become the underlying sources for successful organizations regardless of their size and geographical locations. Therefore, a better understanding of the CSFs for implementing it in SMEs is needed in order to ensure the success of their efforts. Wong, (2005) has grouped the critical success factors into a number of generic factors such as management leadership and support, culture, technology, strategy, measurement, roles and responsibilities, etc. These are common in knowledge management efforts and therefore, they are also believed to be applicable to SMEs. He suggests that one should also consider the needs and situations of SMEs when developing CSFs for them. Wong, (2005) proposes a comprehensive model for implementing knowledge management in SMEs. They are: management leadership and support; culture; IT; strategy and purpose; measurement; organizational infrastructure; processes and activities; motivational aids; resources; training and education; and HRM. Recently (He and Wei, 2009) discussed that Knowledge Management System users beliefs are contextually differentiated, and a distinction between knowledge contribution and knowledge-seeking behaviors and an adequate emphasis on their variance in terms of user belief is needed. Yang et al. (2009) identified crucial knowledge management enablers and examined their impacts on organizational performance. Chen et al. (2009) proposed an approach of measuring a technology universitys knowledge management performance from competitive perspective. Their approach integrates analytical network process with balanced scorecard that contains four perspectives, including customer perspective, internal business perspective, innovation and learning perspective, and financial perspective. Chang et al. (2009) investigates the key factors for knowledge management in the national government of Taiwan. Their study relied on two distinctive dimensions: core KM processes (organizational missions and values, IT applications, documentation, process management, and human resource) and KM performance (knowledge capture and transformation, business performance, and knowledge sharing and value addition). Wen (2009) developed an AHP model for the measurement of the effectiveness of Knowledge Management in Taiwanese high-tech enterprises. Thus, what emerges from the review of literature is the following: There are both enablers and inhibitors to knowledge management implementations in SMEs. Both enablers and inhibitors may be classified essentially into three broad categories technical, human, and financial. Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for knowledge management implementations are different for SMEs from that of large organizations. Critical Success Factors (CSFs) also depend on the management of the enablers and the inhibitors. Thus, it is beneficial for the SME to build a framework that would be used to prioritize the enablers and inhibitors towards a successful knowledge management initiative. For this reason we propose the AHP framework to prioritize influential factors contributing to a SMEs initiative towards the implementation of knowledge management. 3. Framework for Knowledge Management implementation Any successful managerial implementation requires management of enablers and the inhibitors. Similarly, in case of knowledge management it is important to have the information about the influential factors (enablers and inhibitors) for the successful implementation of knowledge management. Not all of the influential factors are equally important for the successful knowledge management. For this reason we have used the AHP framework for finding the importance of the influential factors. AHP has been widely used as an analytical tool for decisions related to knowledge management. Recent work by Wen (2009) in presenting an effectiveness measurement model for knowledge management using AHP is a contribution in this direction. In AHP the complex decision is structured into a hierarchy descending from an overall objective to various influential factors, sub-factors, and so on, until the lowest level. The objective or the overall goal of the decision is represented at the top level of the hierarchy. The factors and sub-factors contributing to the decision are represented at the intermediate levels. Finally, the decision alternatives or selection choices are laid down at the last level of the hierarchy. According to Saaty (2000), a hierarchy can be constructed by creative thinking, recollection, and using peoples perspectives. It should be noted that there is no set procedures for generating the levels to be included in the hierarchy. The structure of the hierarchy depends upon the nature or type of managerial decisions. Also, the number of the levels in a hierarchy depends on the complexity of the problem being analyzed and the degree of detail of the problem that an analyst requires to solve. As such, the h ierarchy representation of a system may vary from one person to another. In the present study the influential factors are determined via widespread investigations and consultations with various experts, and owner/managers of SMEs. Synthesizing the literature review from (Chang et al., 2009; Chatzoglou, and Diamantidis, 2009; Chen et al. 2009; He and Wei, 2009; Lai et al., 2009; Wen, 2009; Yang et al., 2009), the opinions of the experts and owner/managers are employed to obtain the two main factors: enablers and inhibitors. From these factors, 6 influential sub-factors for the successful implementation of knowledge management are briefly described as follows (refer to Figure 1 for complete hierarchical structure): Enablers (C1): This factor includes three sub-factors, C11: technical; C12: human; C13: financial. Inhibitors (C2): This factor includes three sub-factors, C21: technical; C22: human; C23: financial. According to the AHP methodology, weights (priorities) can be determined using a pair-wise comparison within each pair of factors. To determine the relative weights, owner/managers can be asked to make pair-wise comparisons using a 1-9 preference scale (Saaty, 2000). However, in the present study for the pair-wise comparison, we have relied on actual data, that is, the data extracted from the questionnaire survey. The advantage of using actual data (quantitative data) over preference scale for pair-wise comparison eliminates the need for consistency checks (Saaty, 2000). Technical Human Financial Enablers Inhibitors Successful Knowledge Management Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Figure 1: Framework for Successful Knowledge Management Implementation 4. Methodology Data Source: The research used both secondary and primary data. An extensive literature survey was undertaken, which helped in framing the questionnaire for the primary data collection. The focus of the study was on primary data. Research approach: The survey method was used for the study. Our primary data has been gathered using questionnaire technique. Our target population is all small firms in the National Capital Territory of Delhi (India) with turnover ranging from Rs. 50 million to Rs. 250 million and employment levels between 15 and 50 employees. Specifically, we are targeting the owners or top managers at these firms. For the purposes of this research, we used a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire included 60 questions in two sections such as: [A] Enablers to Knowledge Management [B] Inhibitors to Knowledge Management Contact Method: The questionnaires were sent via email and were telephonically followed up. Sample Size: Amongst the 4263 companies (as per Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Prowess database) that belonged to the criteria in the entire country, 1039 such companies were located in the National Capital Region of Delhi, which included New Delhi, Delhi, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad and NOIDA. Due care has been taken to include only those companies that made the sample more representative thus, e-mail questionnaires were sent to 500 amongst these 1039 companies. 119 responses were received that formed the sample for the study. This is a 23.8% response rate, which is acceptable. Data Analysis: The data so collected were analyzed with the AHP techniques to arrive at weights (priorities). The following procedure has been adopted on the collected questionnaire survey data for pair-wise comparison of AHP. Firstly, we calculated the average value of 119 responses (preferences based on 5- point Likert scale) obtained for each question. These average values were calculated to describe the central location of an entire distribution of responses. Then for every said category we calculated the Composite Preference Value (out of 5) using the following relation: Composite Preference Value (CPF) = (Corrected Value à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Maximum Value) x 5 where, Calculated value = sum of the average values for the questions considered in a category. Maximum value = sum of the highest possible values that a respondent can choose for the questions considered in a category. 5. Research Findings The pair-wise comparison matrices showing the measure of each factors relative importance with respect to the overall objective of successful knowledge management is summarized in Table 1. For the pair-wise comparison of the factors and sub factors, we relied on inputs obtained from the survey. We consider two critical factors important for successful knowledge management: enablers and inhibitors. From the pair wise comparison the picture emerges that for successful knowledge management, enablers (50.86%) are marginally important over inhibitors (49.14%). The difference of relative importance being marginal suggests that enablers are important and inhibitors cannot be ignored. Thus it is important to harness the enablers about knowledge management and its associated benefits amongst owner/managers without loosing sight about the inhibitors for a successful knowledge management. Based on investigations and consultations with various experts and owner/managers of SMEs these critical factors (enablers and inhibitors) were further decomposed into three sub factors, namely, technical, human and financial for capturing reality (see Figure 1 for complete hierarchical structure). On pair-wise comparison of technical, human and financial sub factors corresponding to enablers; technical (37.07%) dominates the other sub factors, i.e. human (36.26%) and financial (26.67%). It implies that owner/managers of SMEs consider investments in technology as the ultimate solution to all problems. It may be noted that when the same technical, human and financial sub factors are compared pair-wise corresponding to inhibitors, financial sub factor (38.36%) dominates the other sub factors, technical (31.64%) and human (30.01%). The result suggests that financial considerations are predominant inhibitor towards embarking into knowledge management implementations. In what follows next, we use the bottom up approach to get the global relevance of technical, human and financial aspects towards successful knowledge management. Towards this we multiply the local relevance of technical, human and financial sub factors corresponding to their parent factors with the local relevance of the parent factors corresponding to overall objective, i.e. successful knowledge management. Finally, the obtained relevances of technical, human and financial aspects corresponding to the critical factors, i.e. enablers and inhibitors are added to get the global relevance. The results obtained for the global relevance of technical, human and financial aspects incorporating relevance of the critical factors, i.e. enablers and inhibitors; technical (34.40%) is most important followed by human (33.19%) and financial (32.41%). Owner/managers of SMEs need to prioritize their efforts towards successful knowledge management in terms of technical, human and financial aspects necessarily in that order: The owner/mangers of SMEs should work out strategies for successful knowledge management by optimizing the enablers aspect of technical sub factor while mitigating the inhibitors emerging out of the same sub factor. The owner/managers may focus on process improvement, system improvement, and business intelligence development on a priority basis. Simultaneously they should keep a watch on damage to knowledge infrastructure, copyright/patent infringement and data pilferage and theft. In terms of human sub factor the owner/managers should make necessary efforts to enhance employee competencies, satisfaction, and retention. At the same time they should endeavor to reduce employee turnover, corporate espionage and withdrawal of efforts on the part of the employees. Regarding financial sub factor the owner/managers should try their best to enhance return on investments on building knowledge infrastructure and promoting knowledge management practices while keeping operational costs under control. 6. Conclusion We have developed a hierarchical model for the implementation of successful knowledge management. In the proposed model, first we identified the influencing factors and sub factors for the implementation of successful knowledge management. For this we relied on critical literature review and opinion of experts, and owner/managers of SMEs. Survey has been conducted for getting responses of owner/managers towards the influential factors and sub-factors with a view to successfully implement knowledge management. Finally, these responses have been collated to find the composite preference value (CPF) used as weights for the pair-wise comparison of the factors and sub-factors in AHP. Based on the AHP results, we conclude the following for successful knowledge management in SMEs: Managing enablers and inhibitors are critical success factors for knowledge management in SMEs. Owner/managers need to harness the enablers but not be complacent towards inhibitors. Owner/managers consider technology implementation as a major enabler towards successful knowledge management. Owner/managers consider financial considerations as a major inhibitor towards successful knowledge management. Owner/managers need to prioritize their efforts towards successful knowledge management in terms of technical, human and financial aspects necessarily in that order The key thesis is that enablers of the knowledge management paradigm often unravel inhibitors in adapting and evolving knowledge management systems for business environments that are characterized by high uncertainty and radical discontinuous change. Specifically, the study identified the critical success factors as: process improvement, system improvement, and business intelligence, enhancing employee competencies, satisfaction, and retention, return on investments on building knowledge infrastructure. The study also identified that success cannot be achieved unless damage to knowledge infrastructure is prevented, copyright/patent infringement and data pilferage and theft is stopped, employee turnover, corporate espionage and withdrawal of efforts on the part of employees is reduced, and operational costs are under control. In the present study the model considered influential factors such as enablers and inhibitors. The subject of knowledge management being vast, many other factors may influence knowledge management besides the ones considered in the present study. Future research may be directed towards identifying several other influential factors with a view to identifying a comprehensive list of critical success factors for knowledge management. Also the present work has considered only the top down approach. Clear identification of influencing factors would need to consider a bottom up approach as well.