Overpopulation Is Caused by Poverty Essay

Bangladesh is one of the poor countries with one of the highest population of the world. Is the country poor because of the huge number of people or the poverty itself is the reason behind the overpopulation? To answer this question, I have looked at the overall development condition and population of the world and tried to find the missing links between the two. First I presented some facts about world population and demography. Then I analyzed the Malthusian and Marxist views on population. I talked about the existing views that considered population growth as the main reason behind poverty. Then I discussed my arguments about those view and discussed how population growth is not the primary cause of low standard of living, gross inequalities or limited freedom choice that characterize much of the developing world. I tried to find the main reasons behind the impoverishment of the poor countries and how those lead to overpopulation. Background: Human race came into existence around 2 billion years ago. Agricultural Revolution took place about 10,000 years ago when people used to hunt and gather food. At that time the estimated world population was about 4 million. The population started to grow significantly after the agricultural revolution. However, the most dramatic population growth occurred after the Industrial Revolution in 1750s. The world population was approaching one billion people and was increasing by more than two million every year. This dramatic population growth is termed population explosion because within less than 300 years the number of people mushroomed to more than 6 billion whereas before this, world population grew very slowly for millions of years. At this very moment, nearly 7 billion people are sharing this planet. By 2050, the population is expected to reach 9 billion. The world population is very unevenly distributed by geographic region, fertility and mortality levels and age structure. Here we also have to consider the term demographic transition: transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. Most of the developing countries are in stage two and the developed countries in stage three. So in the developing countries, though death rate has dropped significantly due to improvement in medicine and health care, fertility rate remains high. So population growth is highest in the developing and poor countries. Existing literature: Now the question is why birth rates are so high in the developing countries? In 1798, Thomas Malthus proposed a theory that determines the relationship between population growth and economic development. According to him, the poor countries are poor because of the population growth. Eliminate the population problem and the problem of poverty will be solved by itself. To eliminate the extra people, positive and preventive checks are necessary. Positive checks are famine, natural disasters, war etc which according to him is a good way to get rid of the unnecessary people who are burden to the society. Preventive checks would be only moral restrain because birth controls were considered as sins according to the Catholic Church. Malthus was not aware of the technological progress that would occur and thus he came up with the theory that food production will not be able to keep up with the population growth. Thus the solution was to get rid of the poor people. Karl Marx saw the Malthusian point of view as an outrage against humanity. Marx pinpointed the fact that with technological progress, there would be more production. So capital would be increasing too. However, the few capitalist who own all the resources exploit the poor workers and keep them poor. So poverty is the result of a poorly organized capitalist society where there is no equal distribution of wealth. From the Marxist point of view, overpopulation is not the reason behind slow economic growth and development. Though the theory of Malthus is much criticized and controversial, his ideas are still remaining in the present world. Many theorists and economists see the reduction of population growth through severe measures as the easiest way of ensuring economic prosperity in a developing country. According to them, unrestrained population increase is the main reason behind low standard of living, malnutrition, ill health, environmental degradation, and many other economic and so cial problems. There is a theory known as ‘population-poverty cycle’. This theory states that overpopulation makes the economic, social, and psychological problems more complicated. As more children are born every day, there is less savings rate per person in the household and national level. Because of the uncontrolled population growth, the government fails to provide the basic necessities for the additional people. This leads to low living standard of the existing generation and eventually poverty is transferred to the next generation. At present China is the most populous country in the world with a number of 1.34 billion. This country has undertaken one of the most harsh and coercive population control policies in the early 1980s- one child per family policy. Though this policy dramatically reduced the growth rate, is caused many socio-economic problems and controversies. However, the decline in the fertility rate in China through one child policy is less successful than approaches based on women empowerment and education in some parts of India, such as the state of Kerala. This shows us that population no longer remains a problem even though there is slow economic growth by focusing on empowering people, especially women. Defending my thesis: My thesis is that poverty causes overpopulation and to solve both the problems, other issues are needed to be taken care of. One of the main causes that keep poor countries and poor people poor is unequal distribution of wealth and natural resources. The developed countries consist of one quarter of the world’s population but consume almost 80% of the world resources. In 2005, the wealthiest 20% of the world accounted for 76.6% of total private consumption. The poorest 20% consumed just 1.5%. When one child is born in a developed country, the amount of money and resources spend behind it is equivalent to 16 children in the developing countries. Therefore the developed countries should cut back their very high consumption instead of asking developing countries to control their population growth. However they do not do that in an attempt to hold down the development of the poor countries to continue dominance over them and to maintain the very expensive living style. So they mad e population growth the main reason behind poverty to distract everyone from the real reasons. They pressurize the poor nations to adopt aggressive population control programs even though they themselves went through a period of sizable population increase that accelerated their own development processes. So as the LDCs are kept poor, no or less development occurs and thus generates overpopulation. Also a huge amount of resources are hold idle. For example, only 12% of all the potential arable land is under cultivation. So the land actually being cultivated amounts only a fraction of its potential. According to one web resource- ‘Enough arable land exists in India to give each person in the country approximately half an acre. In famine-ravaged Ethiopia, each person could have three-quarters of an acre of arable land. Africa, the poorest continent, has 20.2% of the world’s land area, and only 13% of its population. North America has a whopping 2.1 acres of arable land per person!’ So many areas with potential resources are under populated and many small areas (urban areas in the LDCs) are concentrated with too many people. This unequal distribution of people in terms of land causes poverty rather than the population growth. Underdevelopment itself is a huge problem. If the governments of the developing countries adopt correct strategies that promote higher levels of living, greater self-esteem and expanded freedom, population will take care of itself. If people are healthy and better educated, they will themselves be aware of the fact that smaller families are better than larger families. On the other case, if they are uneducated and physically and psychologically weak, the large family will be the only real source of social security. So the birth control programs and severe child control policies will be unsuccessful if there is no motivation to empower and enlighten the people, especially the women. If the women have equal roles and status like the men and have access to birth control, fertility rate will fall by itself. However, the richest people of the developing countries consume most of the resources and deprive the rest of the people of their daily necessities. As the poor people are kept poor they fail to get educated and empowered which leads to low quality of life and overpopulation. Conclusion: Overpopulation is not the main cause behind poverty. It is the other way around. However, fast population growth is not desirable too. So in order to develop, countries like Bangladesh need to adopt policies that focus on making people aware of the ways to keep the family small. The consequences of rapid population should neither be exaggerated nor minimized. However, it is pretty clear problem of population is not simply a problem of huge number. It is about quality of life and material well being. So if there is not equal distribution of wealth, idle resources, and subordination of women, poor countries and poor people would remain poor and this will lead to the problem of overpopulation. References: Todaro, Michael P. and Smith, Stephen C. (2009). Economic Development. Ninth Edition. Addison-Wesley. Weeks, J.R. (2012). Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues. 11th edition. California: Wadsworth Publishing. http://www.henrygeorge.org/popsup.htm http://www.globalissues.org/issue/2/causes-of-poverty https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html

Derivative and Its Impact on Stock Market

A Paper Presentation Derivative and its impact on capital market Derivative and its impact on capital market On Prepared by Ms. Vidhi Joshi Asst. Professor MBA Department T. N. Rao college of Management Studies Rajkot 1. Introduction to Derivative: The rapidity with which Indian capital market, corporate finance, banking and investment finance has witnessed a major transformation and structural change from the past one decade and this change in recent years has given birth to a new discipline that has come to be known as Financial Engineering. Financial engineering involves the design, the development, and the implementation of innovative financial instruments and processes, and the formulation of creative solutions to problems in finance. The last decade has witnessed the introduction of ‘derivatives’ as an innovative financial instrument in the Indian markets. One of the major objectives of these reforms was to bring the Indian capital market up to a certain international standard. Due to such reforming process, one of the significant step taken in the secondary market is the introduction of derivative products in two major Indian stock exchanges viz. National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) , with a view to provide tools for risk management to investors and to improve the informational efficiency of the cash market. A derivative is financial instrument whose value is ‘derived’ from another underlying security or a basket of securities the underlying is the identification tag for a derivative contract. Derivatives are instruments of risk hedging. In the Indian context the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA) defines â€Å"derivative† as a security that is derived from a debt instrument, share, loan whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security, same as a contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of underlying securities. Derivative products includes futures, forwards, options and swaps, and these can be combined with each other or traditional securities and loans to create hybrid instruments. In other words, a future contract is a standardized agreement between the seller (short position holder) of the contract and the buyer (long position holder), traded on a futures exchange, to buy or sell a certain underlying instrument at a certain date in the future, at a pre-set price. The future date is called the delivery date or final settlement date. The pre-set price is called the futures price. The price of the underlying asset on the delivery date is called the settlement price. Equity derivatives trading started on June 9, 2000 with introduction of stock index futures by Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). National Stock Exchange (NSE) also commenced its trading on 12 June, 2000 based on S&P Nifty. Trading on NIFTY futures was introduced on the 12th of July 2000. Trading on stock futures was introduced in the NSE in the 9th November, 2001. Subsequently, other products like stock futures on individual securities, index options and options on individual securities were introduced. Forward Contract: A Forward Contract is a transaction in which the buyer and the seller agree upon a delivery of a specific quality and quantity of asset usually a commodity at a specified future date. The price may be agreed on in advance or in future. † Future Contract: It involves an obligation on both the parties i. e. the buyer and the seller to fulfill the terms of the contract (i. e. these are pre-determined contracts entered today for a date in the future) * Obligation to buy or sell * Stated quantity * At a specific price * Stated date (Expiration Date) Marked to Market on a daily basis Options: An Options contract confers the right but not the obligation to buy (call option) or sell (put option) a specified underlying instrument or asset at a specified price – the Strike or Exercised price up until or an specified future date – the Expiry date. † The Price is called Premium and is paid by buyer of the option to the seller or writer of the option. à ¢â‚¬  Types of option * Call Option * Put option Put Option: The right to sell a futures contract. It provides protection against falling prices and also sets a minimum price target. Call Option: The right to buy a futures contract. It protects against rising prices and it also allows participation in seasonal price rises. Swap: Swap is a contract between two parties to exchange a set of cash flows over a pre-determined period of time. Example ‘A’ agrees to pay cash based on the rate of return of an agreed stock market index to the second counter party ‘B’. Participants in Derivatives Market: 1. Hedgers: They use derivatives markets to reduce or eliminate the risk associated with price of an asset. Majority of the participants in derivatives market belongs to this category. 2. Speculators: They transact futures and options contracts to get extra leverage in betting on future movements in the price of an asset. They can increase both the potential gains and potential losses by usage of derivatives in a speculative venture. 3. Arbitrageurs: Their behaviour is guided by the desire to take advantage of a discrepancy between prices of more or less the same assets or competing assets in different markets. If, for example, they see the futures price of an asset getting out of line with the cash price, they will take offsetting positions in the two markets to lock in a profit. Applications of Financial Derivatives: Some of the applications of financial derivatives can be enumerated as follows: 1. Management of risk: This is most important function of derivatives. Risk management is not about the elimination of risk rather it is about the management of risk. Financial derivatives provide a powerful tool for limiting risks that individuals and organizations face in the ordinary conduct of their businesses. It requires a thorough understanding of the basic principles that regulate the pricing of financial derivatives. Effective use of derivatives can save cost, and it can increase returns for the organisations. 2. Efficiency in trading: Financial derivatives allow for free trading of risk components and that leads to improving market efficiency. Traders can use a position in one or more financial derivatives as a substitute for a position in the underlying instruments. In many instances, traders find financial derivatives to be a more attractive instrument than the underlying security. This is mainly because of the greater amount of liquidity in the market offered by derivatives as well as the lower transaction costs associated with trading a financial derivative as compared to the costs of trading the underlying instrument in cash market. 3. Speculation: This is not the only use, and probably not the most important use, of financial derivatives. Financial derivatives are considered to be risky. If not used properly, these can leads to financial destruction in an organisation like what happened in Barings Plc. However, these instruments act as a powerful instrument for knowledgeable traders to expose themselves to calculated and well understood risks in search of a reward, that is, profit. 4. Price discover: Another important application of derivatives is the price discovery which means revealing information about future cash market prices through the futures market. Derivatives markets provide a mechanism by which diverse and scattered opinions of future are collected into one readily discernible number which provides a consensus of knowledgeable thinking. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY In the last decade, many emerging and transition economies have started introducing derivative contracts. Policy makers and regulators in these markets are concerned about the impact of futures on the underlying cash market. One of the reasons for this concern is the belief that futures trading attract speculators who then destabilize spot prices. Since futures encourage speculation, the debate on the impact of speculators intensified when futures contracts were first introduced for trading, beginning with commodity futures and moving on to financial futures. Before further regulations are introduced, it is essential to determine whether in fact there is a causal link between the introduction of futures and spot market volatility. It, therefore becomes imperative that we seek answers to questions like: What is the impact of derivatives upon market efficiency and liquidity of the underlying cash market? To what extent do derivatives destabilize the financial system, and how should these risks be addressed? Can the results from studies of developed markets be extended to emerging markets? Capital Market and Derivative segment in Indian Stock Market: Today Indian stock market is very sound in terms of participants from all sections, huge turnover and number of listed companies. Cash segment and derivative segment both have grown with each other. NSE and BSE are the major exchanges. Over the years Indian stock market has modernized with the use of high modern Information and Communication technology. Derivative instruments have become part and parcel of business world. Today, derivative instruments are used in all markets such as foreign exchange, shares, commodities etc. New, sophisticated, complex and exotic tools are being developed in different markets. The innovative derivative instruments have been developed in such a manner that these are used even by a common man. Although derivatives have been in existence for long in past in one or another form but present day sophisticated, standardized derivative products. Growth of Derivatives Market in India: Equity derivatives market in India has registered an â€Å"explosive growth† and is expected to continue the same in the years to come. Introduced in 2000, financial derivatives market in India has shown a remarkable growth both in terms of volumes and numbers of traded contracts. NSE alone accounts for 99 percent of the derivatives trading in Indian markets. The introduction of derivatives has been well received by stock market players. Trading in derivatives gained popularity soon after its introduction. In due course, the turnover of the NSE derivatives market exceeded the turnover of the NSE cash market. For example, in 2008, the value of the NSE derivatives markets was Rs. 130, 90,477. 75 Cr. whereas the value of the NSE cash markets was only Rs. 3,551,038 Cr. Table 1 : Turnover of Cash segment in India Year| Turnover at BSE| Turnover at NSE| Total Turnover| 1992-93| 45696| -| 45696| 993-94| 84536| -| 84536| 1994-95| 67749| 1805| 69554| 1995-96| 50064| 67287| 117351| 1996-97| 124190| 295403| 419593| 1997-98| 207113| 370193| 577306| 1998-99| 310750| 414474| 725224| 1999-00| 686428| 839052| 1525840| 2000-01| 1000032| 1339510| 2339542| 2001-02| 307292| 513167| 820459| 2002-03| 314073| 617989| 932062| 2003-04| 503053| 1099534| 1602587| 2004-05| 518715| 114007 2| 1658787| 2005-06| 816074| 1569558| 2385632| 2006-07| 956185| 1945287| 2901472| 2007-08| 1578857| 3551038| 5129895| 2008-09| 1100074| 2752023| 3852097| 2009-10| 1136513| 2805878| 3942391|

Why Not Have Physician Assisted Suicide

During the course of the past 20 years, many people are starting to here more and more situations about people participating in physician-assisted suicide. The fact of the matter is that people are starting to believe that they have the right to control their own life and death decisions. After you begin to think about physician-assisted suicide, and bring in all the facts, it becomes clear that it should be allowed in our society if it is used properly. Many people question the pure definition of physician-assisted suicide. According to the University of Washington School of Medicine, â€Å"physician-assisted suicide refers to the physician providing the means for death, most often with a prescription, in which the patient administers the medication† (Ethics in Medicine). As of 1997 the State of Oregon was the only state that utilize legalized physician-assisted suicide. Some people argue whether this practice is ethical to use today in our society. One strong reason why this should be done is because it is a good choice for people who are suffering unbearably. At times many physicians believe that it is their duty to relieve these people of their problems. One of the most famous arguments in favor of physician -assisted suicide is the story by Timothy Quill, and his patient â€Å"Diane†. Diane was a woman who was diagnosed with leukemia; from the beginning she refused the aggressive treatment. â€Å"She then requested a prescription of barbiturates that could be used to end her life if she determined that her suffering had become unbearable† (Annals of Internal Medicine). Diane was enrolled in a hospice program, many months passed but she began to feel a lot of pain, and fatigue. She used the barbiturates that her doctor gave her and ended her life. This was a very good case in favor of the practice because this woman was in serious pain, and the best solution was to end her life. Another example of a physician-assisted suicide incident that attracted some attention on the issue occurred with a 37-year-old woman named â€Å"BB†. This woman had a â€Å"serious stroke and soon after she became quadriplegic and unable to speak† (Annals of Internal Medicine). She spent many days learning to communicate with others around her by using a special computer. â€Å"Finding her life quality of life intolerable, she repeatedly communicated a wish to die† (Annals of Internal Medicine). She underwent some psychiatric counseling, and they agreed that she had the ability to do her own decision-making. So the staff â€Å"took away all of her artificial nutrition and hydration, and only provided comfort and care until she passed away soon after† (Annals of Internal Medicine). BB, like Diane, was also a prime example of a patient that was in need of physician-assisted suicide; she could no longer go through life the way she was and all she wanted was to die. Many of these patients bring up some important arguments for their reasons in which they have the right to use physician-assisted suicide. The University of Washington School of Medicine states that there are many arguments in favor of physician -assisted suicide or (PAS). The first of the four arguments in favor of PAS is the respect for autonomy of the patient. This means that the decisions about the circumstances for death are very personal. â€Å"They also state that a competent person should have the right to choose death†(Ethics in Medicine). The next argument for PAS is regarding to â€Å"justice. † â€Å"Justice requires that we treat like cases alike. Competent, terminally ill patients are allowed to hasten death by treatment refusal. For some patients, treatment refusal will not suffice to hasten death, and the only option is suicide. Justice requires that we should allow assisted death for these patients† (Ethics in Medicine). The third argument is the issue of compassion, according to the University of Washington School of Medicine. They explain that it is not always possible to relieve suffering, and PAS may be a compassionate response to that suffering of the Patients. The Individual liberty vs. state interest is one of the strongest arguments for PAS. A complete elimination of assisted death limits personal liberty of the individual. This is one of the main concerns about PAS, people believe that it is their body, and they should have the right to do what ever they feel is necessary. These are common arguments that have been used by patients and physicians all over the country. People against the issue of PAS debate many of these arguments and have come up with their own scenarios on the issue. Some common arguments against the PAS are â€Å"when you take a human life, it is morally wrong because of a certain religion† (Ethics In Medicine). Another argument is that some medical doctors like to maintain their professional integrity and are opposed to taking human life. Herbert Hendin states in his article â€Å"Selling Death and Dignity†, that † We should not buy into the view that those who are engulfed by fear of death or by suicidal despair that death is a preferred solution to the problems of illness, age, and depression†(Hendin 78). These arguments that are stated against physician-assisted suicide don’t seem to be strong enough to turn my feelings away from the idea that it is justified. In response to Hendin’s statement, he has no idea of all the pain and suffering that is happening to people, and what they go through. Religion is also an argument that doesn’t make much sense to me. The right thing to do if a patient is suffering from a serious illness or basically living on a â€Å"plug†, is to give them the opportunity to die the way they want and not worry about whether it is morally right, according to a religion. Also the argument made on behalf of some doctors, â€Å"that it harms their professional integrity† is also false. These ill patients think of their doctors as relieving them from pain and suffering. â€Å"Death is not caused by the withdraw of treatment from the physician, but by the underlying disease†(Annals of Medicine). Therefore, these ill patients are going to die either way, so the doctors shouldn’t feel that it is unprofessional to end a patient’s life if it is requested. One reason why people don’t want to let the PAS practice legalized is because they cannot find a certain policy to use it under. Physician-assisted suicide is debated upon regularly today and does not seem to be allowed in most states. One reason for this is because If it is legalized and it doesn’t have restrictions, there will be cases in which people will be going to the doctor to end their life for poor reasons. This form of PAS is unacceptable and that is why there should be a strict policy on the issue. If a patient goes to a doctor and asked for this procedure to be done, the physicians most look into the law on physician-assisted suicide. This policy should state that the practice can only be done if the patient has a serious illness, that is life threatening and undergoing massive amounts of pain, or lost some form of physical and mental abilities, from an illness such as a stroke. Another thing that would be included in this policy is that the patient requesting the practice must undergo some sort of psychiatric counseling to see whether he or she is in the right mind set for the procedure. This is important part of the policy, because PAS shouldn’t be performed if the patient is suffering only from some sort of depression. This policy will sort out the people who need the PAS and those who really don’t need it. This type of policy on physician-assisted suicide should be acted on in our government. Far too many people suffer, lying in hospital beds, wishing for an answer to their problems. They have lived a long enough, suffered physically, and emotionally, as â€Å"Diane† did in Timothy E. Quill’s article â€Å"Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making. † â€Å"We have measures to help control pain and lesson suffering, to think that people do not suffer in the process of dying is an allusion†(Quill 70), so we should not let this suffering continue on for people, and give them the choice to end their lives if they feel that is what they want.

Affiant Introduction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Affiant Introduction - Assignment Example Lieutenant James Bryant is a Homicide Investigator for the Twin City, Wisconsin Police Department, a position he has held for ten years. At the rank of Lieutenant, Bryant is responsible and in charge of a six member homicide investigations squad. In his over twenty years with the Twin City Police, he was also a patrol officer for three years, five years as a detective on the robbery squad, and three years on the Fugitive Apprehension squad. Prior to that, he also served in the US Army as a military policeman in Frankfurt, Germany for four years. Lieutenant Bryant’s education includes the University of Wisconsin, with a degree in Criminal Justice. He is also a graduate of the FBI National Academy and the Wisconsin Law Enforcement Academy. The Lieutenant has received specialized Training in SWAT Training, Crisis Negotiation Training, and Latent Fingerprint Training. His professional affiliations include the National Peace Officer Association, the National Homicide Investigators Association, and the Wisconsin State Peace Officers Association. Bryant has been involved in testimony for over 150 court appearances, of which twenty times were as an expert witness. He has participated in the investigation of some 2,500 cases. In specific for Homicide Cases the officer has investigated 300 separate cases. Of those he had 200 arrests and a 96-percent solve

Purchasing and procurement in supply chains Essay

Purchasing and procurement in supply chains - Essay Example Thus, this study was initiated to investigate the application of supply chain management strategy in Boeing Company. The choice of Boeing is based on its strategic position in the aircraft manufacturing sector and the series of problems it faces of late. Using, appropriate theoretical framework, deduced from the work of previous researchers, the company was diagnosed, and the supply chain and suppliers relationship mapped out. Porters value chain framework also help us develop some feedback and the way forward where some value drivers, core competences and competitive advantage were identified. Having suppliers dotted all over areas and the need to link them through a common data base was emphasized. The report of calls on top management to successfully adjust Porters value chain to suit its need. Our recommendation is for customers and suppliers to be effectively integrated into the value chain, where consumers become Pro-sumers and suppliers are turned into consumers. The existing relationship with partners, suppliers, and customers should be turned in to a long term collaboration relationship. Boeing should integrate its logistics, procurement, operations, and marketing functions with other supply chain members so that materials, information, component parts, and finished product flow seamlessly from point of origin to final customer at low unit cost and at high levels of service (Christopher 1992). Supply chain management (SCM) is a strategic tool employed by present day business to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and customers so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time in order to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements ( Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). In the 90s, SCM gained momentum and received due attention from practitioners and researchers. It has become present day managerial competitive weapon

Ethical issue in health about baby born from transplanted uterus Essay

Ethical issue in health about baby born from transplanted uterus - Essay Example For instance, there are several ethical challenges and dilemmas concerning the babies born form such transplantation processes (Ozkan,et al., 2013). The main dilemma, however, is based on a conflict of two major ethical principles in medicine, the principle of autonomy and non-maleficence. The principle of autonomy states that people are free to make their choices regarding their health and lifestyles. As such, this principle supports uterus transplantation if and when a woman feels it is right for her to go through the process. On the contrary, the principle of non-maleficence requires that doctors and other medical practitioners do no harm to their clients. In this regard, whenever health workers are faced with a complex medical problem, in certain cases it is better to avoid doing anything, than engaging in a process that will ultimately affect the patient negatively. The conflict arising from these two ethical principles makes it quite difficult for the doctors to make a sound decision over whether to progress with uterus transplantation or not. Furthermore, there is the challenge related to the nature of the baby born from such a process (Ozkan, et al., 2013). There are many issues that may affect the ethics of uterus transplantation as relates to the nature of the baby. For instance, the relationship between the child, the parents and the donor, personal identity of the baby, as well as the uncertainty surrounding the future of a baby born from uterus transplantation. These issues can make it difficul t for one to make a strong decision concerning transplantation, thus making it a very risky process. Furthermore, other questions about the costs and technology involved in such a process make the dilemma more complicated. For instance, if indeed the process is successful, it will not be affordable to the majority of the people who need it.

Diagnosis and Assessment week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diagnosis and Assessment week 1 - Essay Example As an example, in statistics, an abnormality may be the deviation from the average or the majority of other distributions. Intelligence is another area where there is a normal distribution of IQ scores, and then there are standard deviations that are higher or lower than the norm which can show an individual as genius (higher) or mentally retarded (lower). (Dewey, 2010). Society is structured with certain rules and controls that give people an understanding of normal. Normal in this situation is what the majority sees or does. People are expected to follow the rules and those who do not follow these rules are seen as abnormal. In other words, anything that goes against what is considered to be normal by the majority is considered abnormal. The DSM-IV-TR (2000) describes mental disorders rather than saying what is abnormal. They make a distinction between mental disorders and general medical conditions. The general medical condition is defined as any condition that is not a mental condition (American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2000). They suggest that "no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of mental disorder" (p. xxx). The APA also defines a mental disorder as a "clinically significant behavior or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress" (APA, p. xxxi). The challenge in using these definitions as a way to assess clients is that clients are labeled by these definitions. For insurance purpose, the counselor must be able to make some sort of diagnosis, but in giving an abnormal diagnosis, the client receives a label that may stay with them the rest of their lives. Designating a client as normal can also create problems because the idea of normal is different for different people. Culture brings another issue to this discussion because cultures have traditions and/or customs