Aircraft Icing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aircraft Icing - Research Paper ExampleIcing does not spare every type of aviation. In extreme cold conditions, ice forms naturally. An aircraft, despite its size and shape, has no control over formation of ice over its airfoil. De frappe and anti-hoarfrost treatment helps ward off icing on aircraft surface. But even with these treatments, it is necessity to be on the lookout for sneaky icing to happen unobtrusively.No region in the world fucking boast of ice-free aviation condition. Icing is not known as the silent killer for nothing. It has taken heavy toll arising from complacency and lack of vigilance. archean in the 1940s when the problem of icing began to get noticed, people in the aviation industry did not view it very seriously. Aviation was not a huge industry then. However, when the industry began to grow in leaps and bounds in the late 1970s, icing problem began to get noticed. Customer base grew. It became a demanding market. It became necessary for fledges to be fr equent and time adherent. It was then that problems such as icing began to get noticed in the way it should. On 13 January 1982, the Air Florida flight 90 accident at Washington National Airport sounded alarm bells to the lethal hazards of ground icing (William M. Leary).The clear and smooth ice with air pockets that has the chunky and translucent appearance. The more the accretion, the less the glazed ice takes the form of the wing. This ice is clear and hard to break and is more transparent.Mixed iceRime ice and clear ice together form the mixed ice.Conditions that cause icingHigh humidity and the low winter freezing levels are the main causes of icing. The airframe icing are ca employ when planes are flying through visible cloud, rain and drizzle and the temperature reaches at a point zero or sub zero. The aerodynamic jeopardyThe weight of ice on the body of the plane causes accretion the accretion occurred is asymmetrical that causes higher uncontrollability to the plane and a ircraft movements. The visibility in front of the plane is withal lost because of the ice. The propeller blades of the plane if iced causes reduction in thrust and may result in danger by causing imbalance to the movements of the plane surface movement may be cut down because control of the plane may be lost, causing flutter. The antennae of the plane that helps in bridging communication may generate ineffective. The speed of the plane may be stalled because its flaps may be extended.Technology of icing detection Anti icing technologyThe technology is used at a pre icing stage, to avoid ice to shape form on the body of the plane. Various areas of plane are heat up including carburettor heating, prop heating, pilot heating, fuel vent heating, and wind shield heating, etc.DeicingThis procedure is used after the icing conditions have engulfed the plane. Surface deicing equipment is to prevent any ice from inhibiting the

How does new technology affect education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How does new technology affect education - Essay ExampleCurrently, the education sector is experiencing a rapid transition whereby different disciplines are embracing Tablet PCs as well as similar pen-based gadgets. This is to enhance both teaching and learning processes, which is reversal to the past whereby their respective manners encompassed physical interaction between the student and tutors. Evidence of the emerging impact of new technological knowhow was quite evident in fifth workshop held in Virginia in 2010. This was through varied presentations by different intellectuals whose information comprises this book.For the past eight decades in 20Th period before 1980s, educate workers curve depicted an upward trend. However, the demand for them was not that high as compared to the current state, which is the contrary. Due to high education before 1980s, this prompted to the hint of numerous people who were well off, hence becoming the richest region globally. However, that tr end currently has ceased whereby due to the rapid technological change states are facing the shortfall of skilled labour force.Introducing technological knowhow to children is of great importance in ensuring they are ready to tackle other varied aspects during their education. This is especially in tackling varied subjects as well as doing researches at a later period, which is more beneficial compared to when they learn of using technology later. However, this takes the effort of well trained tutors in the mode of implementing technology as per the children or students capability, which Casey outline in this book. Implementing in this case encompasses considering 90 activities, which Casey advocates in this research for each child offset from as early as three years.The source offers detailed information meant to equip any learning person with necessary studying and leadership skills. The author skills encompass confidence, creativity and being able to navigate the constantly evo lving environment due to emergent

Global Wine Essay Example for Free

Global Wine Essay1. How were the cut able to dominate the worldwide vino trade for centuries? What sources of competitive advantage did they develop to support their exports?The French booze production essentially dates back to the time when it was part of the pioneering niche market for high woodland premium wine-coloured. The factor conditions such as shoot down and climate were pertinent attributes of the France, compared to other European countries. Cross border shipping costs surged in the early 19th century. However, France was able to amalgamate the relevant industries that support wine production, within their borders. Therefore, France was able to raise the level of its competitive advantage throughout the various sources, absent any relative impact from other countries.Eventually, the wine constancy proliferated and became the second largest export segment for France. This was combined with an extravagant culture of rich food, whilst making the customers more de manding, with respect to a certain quality of wine produced. In the aftermath of such demand shifts, the French government created the miscellany system, which raised the barriers to entry so that foreign competition can be limited.This classification system also aided the consumers in making easy decisions through the complexity of a fragmented market. It was essentially a depiction of standardization of quality measures to maintain industry standards of French wine worldwide.Much was relied on the vintner with respect to other operational capacities such as marketing and research. Due to a fragmented market, most small scale farmers relied on the wine maker for most market activities.2. Given the longstanding dominance of Old World wine producers, how were the New World producers, such as the Australians, able to expand their market share so rapidly in the 1990s?3. What changes in the global industry structure and competitive dynamics led the France and other traditional producer s to lose market share to challengers from Australia, US, and other New World countries?4. What should be done for France to recuperate its position?

European Recovery Program Essay Example for Free

European Recovery Program EssayHis proposal would become known as the European Recovery Program, better known as the marshall image. In his speech marshal extended an offer to the Soviets. Certainly all of Europe was include in the proposal. Stalin was interested in the plan. Lenin had spoken of trade with the communist enemy when that enemy was in collapse. Stalin mind that if these were the correct circumstances then the Soviets could use the Marshall Plan as they wished. Such was not the case. American opposition to the Plan included such conservatives as Taft on the Right and Wallace on the Left. This opposition was oftentimes weakened by the seizing of the democratic government of Czechoslovakia in February 1948 (Kunz par. 20). Before that, in September, 1947, Andrei Zhdanov of the Politburo spoke before the Cominform for Eastern Europe to assert that the imperialists were trying to nurture fascist regimes (Zhdanov par. 2). He wanted the imperialist intrigues to be cont ained. George Kennan also wanted containment- of the communists and, if need be, of the Soviets.Kennan and William Clayton, both of the US State Department, had contri justed greatly to the origination of the Marshall Plan. Kennan thought the world was becoming polarized into giant camps of freedom vs. everyone else. The Soviet Union as the centerpiece of concern would come later. Bernard Baruch, an American advisor, had introduced the term Cold War in April, 1947 (Cold War par. 1). Meanwhile, the communists of France and Italy were of immediate threat in Western Europe. These two nations were part of the fifteen nations that the Marshall Plan would aid.The others were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, West Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey (Marshall Plan par. 21). chairman Truman signed the Marshall Plan on April 3, 1948. The major items for the Europeans in 1948 were to be coal, steel, grains, and machinery (Jud d par. 9). In the first year, food constituted half of all of the Marshall aid. all over the long haul, sixty percent was spend on food, fertilizer, and industrial goods. One sixth of the total was for fuel.Another one sixth was spent on machinery and vehicles. In sum, thirteen billion dollars of aid passed from the USA to Western Europe from 1948 to 1951 (DeLong and Eichengreen par. 3). The food, feed, and fertilizer consumed a little over three billion dollars of the total. Shortly after the Marshall Plan went into effect, Italys anti-communist and pro-Marshall Plan party won a majority. And then in France, after the communists won a plurality in 1945, they were on their way turn up in 1951 due to French stintingal prosperity.This prosperity in France and elsewhere was not of a minor magnitude. After 1948 Western Europe got its greatest economic growth ever recorded. The German part of the recovery became known as the wirtschaftwunder, or economic miracle (Kunz par. 3). Meanwhi le, in Eastern Europe, the Soviets were determined to see central preparation become a reality. To that end, a forced industrialization was started which was to remove Eastern Europe from any influence by the Marshall Plan.Eastern European nations became satellites of the Soviets, as members of the Warsaw Pact, and got little civilian development in exchange for military support and control. The end products of manufacture and the harvests were directed to the Soviets. No financial or economic stability was developed by these countries. The Marshall Plan made the division of Europe definitive. The Plan seriously damaged the Western European communists efforts. Furthermore, the Marshall Plan has been termed inconceivable without the Cold War (Cronin 281).Soon enough, not only was the Marshall Plan in place to aid in the restoration of Western Europe, but it became a vital component in the Cold War. In the Cold War in Western Europe, Germany was a key country. It was to be split in tw o with the former Allies of WWII in Western Germany and the Soviets in Eastern Germany. But an odd development came about with Berlin, also spilt into east and west components, brisk deep within Soviet controlled East Germany. This did not sit well with the Soviets and so they began a blockade of highways and roads into West Berlin in June, 1948.

Culturally Competent Nursing in an Ever Changing Diverse World Essay Example for Free

Culturally Competent Nursing in an Ever Changing Diverse World EssayIn nurse and wellnessc be the sleep together of culture is more pronounced than anywhere else. This is because many plenty various ethnic, religious, racial and heathen backgrounds come forth to hospitals and health care centres in search of health solutions. Due to these pagan disparities, uncomplainings often fail to receive quality services because of practices that are lacking in pagan competence.Cultural competence in nursing and healthcare refers to the efficiency with which a healthcare canr is able to offer quality service in a cross-cultural setting thus enhancing the governing bodys or institutions capacity to function in effective manners (Dolhun, E. P. et al 2003). Culture influences an individuals values, perceptions, beliefs and opinions. It influences how patients respond to healthcare givers and the medication prescribed to them. Therefore it is very important that nurses and other medic al practitioners taste to improve their awareness towards the issues raised by cultural kind in order to improve on service delivery.This paper examines ways in which a nurse can be more culturally satisfactory. It also examines the opportunities in the work place and nursing school that requires culturally focused health practices. Additionally the paper discusses the issues of self-assessment and client assessment that is geared towards the delivery of culturally competent health solutions. Importance of Culture to Nursing. The US is comprised of the most culturally diverse population. A big percent mature of the worlds ethnic, religious and cultural groups are represented in this population.This has created a most unique opportunity as well as challenge to many organizations in the service delivery sector. This is because people from all cultures get ill at one point in time and they have to seek discussion. Nurses are thus presented with patients from very diverse cultural b ackgrounds. Culture influences how different people will respond to the different ways of health service delivery, interventions and treatment (Dolhun, E. P et al. 2003). It is in that respectfore important for nurses to move towards achieving cultural competence in order to effectively deal with the challenges that come with the cultural reality.Because of the demographic situation in America service providers are under printing press to provide more culturally correct services. The nursing profession cannot be left behind and therefore the need to comply with the changing needs is overwhelming. linguistic dialogue limitations are also another issue of concern in attaining cultural competence. Ethical Factor One ethical principle that guides nurses in their endeavour to provide culturally appropriate care is the appreciating that everyone regardless of their cultural persuasion is entitled to receive quality health care.Cultural differences can influence the caregivers prejud ices and bias towards a patient (Galanti G. A. 1997). In a similar way a patient can misconstrue the caregivers actions and words. This can practice to lower the quality of care given to this particular patient. Professional ethics require that there be no form of discrimination in the readiness of health care but in a situation where there is prejudice on either party, then the quality of care is compromised. Similarly what is considered ethical may have serious consequences when viewed from a cultural context.A fitting example is when the doctor feels obliged to divulge some information to a patient or a certain member of the family, because in some cultures it is believed that giving certain information to a sick person is unacceptable, the doctors ethical actions may be viewed in very bad light Nurses responsibility Nurses are usually supposed to care for the general well being of a patient, they ought to be able to understand and empathize with the patient in order to cater f or their physical and emotional needs. On an individual level, a nurse has a responsibility to learn the practices that are in accordance to cultural competence.It is important that nurses should have an attitude that goes further than just learning acceptable cultural behaviours. Nurses essential be motivated by compassion to the patients and driven by moral responsibility (Tervalon M. Murray-Garcia J. 1998). This allows them to display a genuine concern and is thus motivated to interiorize harmonious attitudes towards achieving cultural competence. In a hospital setting a nurse is required to be able to anticipate the issues that may arise due to cultural disparities and lack of proficiency in certain languages.They are also to understand the others points of view as well as appreciating the strengths and weaknesses of these points of view. In addition to this, respecting the cultural differences is key to the ability to provide culturally appropriate care. Since the issues rais ed by cultural diversity are multi-faceted in nature, they require a holistic commence that calls for a total overhaul in the nurses ways of thinking. There is no one culture that is the standard of what is good or bad and therefore an pass on mind is important as nurses move towards delivering health care that exemplifies cultural competence.Achieving this kind of competence is only possible if one comes to self-awareness and recognizes their own values, beliefs, opinions, prejudices and biases (Dolhun, E. P. 2003). From here, they can be able to understand how they respond to different points of view from other. Inorder to come to self-awareness one needs to examine their own cultural and environmental backgrounds. An underlying ethnocentricity is part most people where one is protective and to an extent defensive when it comes to cultural differences (Switzer, G. E et al 1998).However in the nursing practice each nurse should be flexible and work towards developing skills of re sponding to varied cultural settings and situations. Nursing Schools Similarly in nursing schools one is required to meet most of the aforementioned standards. In addition to that communication skills are developed in school. Learning to communicate effectively in a cultural context entails being open-minded, respectful and dodge any form of prejudice or bias (Robins, L. et al 1998). It is a great opportunity to learn form and about other cultures.Other communication skills that are essential are listening skills that enable one to establish a rapport with the others. Language skills also play an important role in communication and as such each student nurse has a responsibility to learn other languages. Ofcourse it is not possible to learn all the languages there are but one can do their best and that is what is required of them. In the same way nurses should have skills that would enable them to assess the patient in a cultural context. This would entail finding out as much detai l on the patient as possible.It would help to understand their ethnic background, socio-economic class, religion, age group and other social entities that they identify with. Learning about their experiences could also aid in establishing biases. Impact of culture on health care In the year 2010 more than 45% of all patients in the US will come from minority cultures. This is due to immigration that is the greatest contributor to the cultural diversity (Tervalon M. Murray-Garcia J. 1998). The health sector has realized the reality of these facts and medical practitioners are now given incentives to encourage them to take up learning on cultural diversity.This is changing the entire medical profession. Many initiatives have been put in place in order to bridge health differences that exist between minority groups and the lily-white Americans. The existence of cultural difference may impact negatively on the care given. Cultural factor do affect the response to the different methods of treatment and diagnosis. Some ideas are perceived differently in different cultures and in some extreme cases family members can react in ways that may come out bizarre in the western world. ConclusionThe issue of culture is increasingly attaining great importance with the ever-changing cultural mixture. The provision of healthcare is now fetching cognizance of the effects of culture on the delivery of these vital services. It has been realized that cultural differences have been an impact on the quality of care given. Nurses and other medical practitioner are now under increased pressure to attain cultural competence in order to achieve high standards of quality. This paper opines the accomplishment of an all round cultural competence is a long journey. It will take a collective as well as an individual fret to achieve.Nurses have a individualised responsibility to seek to understand the cultural factor. Additionally each one of them needs to appreciate their moral duty to seek self-awareness inorder to understand their own behaviour in response to other people with a differing opinion. Respect and a non-judgemental attitude are important if one is to master the ethnocentricity that is part of every human being. This awareness cultivates interest and inquiry. Once this point has been reached cultural differences will be viewed as learning opportunities that will spur personal growth. ReferenceDolhun, E. P. Munoz, C. and Grumbach, K. (2003). Cross-cultural education in U. S. medical schools Development of an assessment tool. Academic Medicine. Galanti G. A. (1997). Caring for Patients from Different Cultures Case studies from American hospitals. 2nd ed. University of Philadelphia Press. Philadelphia, PA. Riddick S. (1998). Improving entrance fee for limited English-speaking consumers A review of strategies in health care settings. J Health Care Poor Underserved. Supp vol 9 Robins, L. S. Alexander, G. L. , Wolf, F. M. , Fantone, J. C. , Davis, W. K. (1998).Development and evaluation of an cats-paw to assess medical students cultural attitudes. Journal of the American Medical Womens Association, Switzer, G. E. Scholle, S. H. , Johnson, B. A. , Kelleher, K. J. (1998). The Client Cultural Competence Inventory An instrument for assessing cultural competence in behavioral managed care organizations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, Tervalon M. Murray-Garcia J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence A critical distinction in defining physician develop outcomes in multicultural education. J Health Care Poor Underserved.

History of Tourism | Comparing Past Tourism to Today

History of touristry Comparing Past Tourism to TodayIn 1936, the League of Nations defined foreign tourists as some 1 traveling afield for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.Since the kind-hearted race existed they h mature in been migrating, traveling e exemplifyually around to achieve contrasting goals, religious purposes, sports, and opposite leisure activities, for recrudesce life, better facilities. In fact there can be hundred reasons for travelling. at that place cant be fixed and set date to determine when and where and how the first pilgrim develop occurred further we can say tribe started travelling and moving back and forth since they were born.But if we look by dint of the storey then we see it happened in 5th and in the midst of 3rd millennia BC, when paganism was the cultivation and religion in the Europe.In the Christian dry land people get to been travelling to Israel where Jesus was born and lived because they spiritually re slow themselves to the holiness, and to the shrines of disciples. In the Muslim world the first pilgrimage occurred in 629-628 CE. And it was from Makkah to medina. (www.grand-tour.org)In the ancient times Hindus, Romans, Greeks prepare long been migrating, travelling for diverse reasons. So its not blow upicularly related to all detail religion.Grand ToursGrand Tour specifically means the travel drawn by young, wealthy, privileged people for the purpose of education, enhancing their travelling become to stand out in their c atomic number 18rs.Grand tours history dates back to the 18th century Britain when the British people and their country was the wealthiest on the face of the earth. So the wealthy people utilise to send their young kids on grand tours to different countries, mainly to Europe to enhance their attend to practical life and for the education related purposed as well.In Brita in Thomas Coryats travel book Coryats Crudities(1611) was a great influence Grand Tour but it was the far more(prenominal) extensive tour through Italy as far as Naples undertaken by the Collector Earl of Arundel, to dismayher with his wife and children in 1613-14 that established the most significant precedent.3. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_TourGrand Tours was involving a period of year long, because in those times the means of travelling were so slow and because the term grand tour ventures more than champion country so it used to take one year or more.As the time passed the means of travelling got so dissolute, challenging and more efficient the travelers went more far and far for more exotic places and countries.James Boswell was the most far-famed in this regard who kept all records in a journal of his travelling and other experiences during such Tour. The first ledger Grand Tour and was published in 1749 by Thomas Nugent.Regarding the professional Travel and touri stry the first someone to develop this opinion was Thomas duck in 1850s he developed and then on he offered travel packages to all parts of the world. So this thing eventually made this effectively sleazy and affordable for the middle naval division as well, as it was only affordable for rich people before.In 1867, Mark Twain had a European and easterly Mediterranean Tour and sent back the dispatches to Alta California, which was a San Francisco paper. His dispatches were later published a book called The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims Progress.In 1873 at the age of 10 William Randolph Hearst besidesk Grand Tour, travelled one and a half year with the habit of collecting. And his collections can be seen at Hearst Castle in USA.By the late 19th century, the Grand Tour had turned to be an American phenomenon because newly wealthy citizens related themselves to the heirs of the western traditions and they traced their ethnic lineage from the Greece to the Roman Empire, Eur opean Renaissance. So during those times rich Americans would tour ancient cities of Mediterranean, great European cities as part of their Grand Tours. They felt so related and aspired by the Venices well-to-do merchants and traders who placid the wealth from around the world, loved the architecture.From 1960s the grand tour has taken a totally new shape all over again, students are travelling with backpacks and living in the youth hostels and travelling around. Because the means of transportation are increased to the maximum level, things are starting to slow down a critical bit like the olden days, i.e. people again starting to sire ships, cruises more lovely and enjoyable like olden days. (www.grand-tour.org)The Modern TourismThe disparity between modern and past tourism is that, modern tourism involves mass availability and mass participations in holidays. Modern travel involves a universal prepare to power to travel for individual in all part of the world with destinati on on an international scale. Modern tourism involves many different types each that in turn capture had an impact on the transport means. The different types of tourism can be divided found on the tourists main interest of their trip. Tourism can involve one of the following adventure, pleasure, sports, ethnical, sports, study, incentive, research, professional and country. (www.exampleessays.com)Modern tourism is totally changed from the past because it has got vital modern tool which are high -tech and fast and they save a lot of time. So since the modern intentions have arrived such as, trains, airplanes, cruises, ships, roads, trains, they have changed the face of tourism tremendously. The whole scenarios have been changed. Travel has scram jazzy and within the access of everybody unlike the past where only rich and wealthy were the ones who were able to travel.Now the tourism has make up faster, easier and cheaper and easier and there are more varieties in the forms of to urism then the past.Here we will discuss some of the modern historic developments that has helped modern tourism to take a whole new shape.Factors Facilitating maturement of the Travel and TourismThe most important factors which are facilitating the travel and tourism and their growth are as followsSea Travel.Rail Travel. beam Travel.Sea, air and inveigh have been playing an important part in the growth of travel and tourism. With these factors the tremendous growth and increase in travel and tourism have become possible.TrainsIn the past traveling was so slow, it was taking months and years to travel but since the invention of the trains it has become far easier and faster to move around and its one of the most enjoyable way of traveling among the tourists.The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years, Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. 6. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport.Ships and CruisesThe first boats are pres umed to have been dugout canoes, developed independently by various Stone Age populations, and used for coastal fishing and travel.7. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_historyThe earliest boats were invented by Egyptians in 3100 BC, and then in 2700 BC they invented ships for trade. (www.localhistories.org)The age of sail, technically and formally speaking, is the period in which international trade and naval warfare were two dominated by sailing ships. The age of sail mostly coincided with the age of discovery, from the 15th to the 18th century9. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_historyThe modern cruises are the most modern increment to the sea travel. The cruises have casinos, swimming pools, playing fields, dance venues or we can say the provide almost all the facilities like any high class hotel.Traveling through cruise has become posh and very fashionable and people are being drawn more towards the traveling through cruises.Air TravelThe first hovercraft was launched in 1959. The first hovercraft passenger service began in 1962.In 1919 aero planes began carrying passengers between London and Paris. Jet passenger aircraft were introduced in 1949.However in the early 20th century flight was a luxury few people could afford. Furthermore only a small minority could afford foreign travel. Foreign holidays only became common in the 1960s. The Boeing 747, the first Jumbo jet was introduced in 1970 and The Channel Tunnel opened in 1994.(www.localhistories.org)Since the invention of the aero planes the humans have traveled to even those parts of the world where traveling was literally, virtually was almost impossible.Current and future Trends and Development in the travel and tourism sector.In the travel and tourism sector with the modern hi-tech technology, faster means of communications, faster means of transportations, modernized approach in every part of the travel and tourism industry from travelling to hospitality to accommodation everything has b ecome faster and more sophisticated. And in the recent years there has been huge rise in the sector. And the future trend is going up as well. rhyme History And Origins OfPoetry History And Origins Oflit is as old as history of the man itself. Over the past few decades, the role of literary works in quarrel information teaching has been subject to variations. However, composings was excluded from linguistic process teaching programme owing to many reasons. The common among these was it structural complexity and its unique use of language. As, literature reflects cultural perspective which is difficult to conceptualize by foreign language students, therefore, it is uninteresting for them.Literature is being considered to be an integral part of any language teaching and learning programme. Language and literature are inseparable. The inclusion of literature in language teaching and learning can bring a fresh breeze into the dry and mechanical task of language learning and teac hing.Inge (1970) says,Literature flourishes best when it is half trade and half an art.Literature makes language learning enjoyable because it does not only provide a genuine context for communication, but it in any case gives pleasure by engaging emotions.Therefore, it motivates and stimulates the language learner.Stop ford A. Brooke (1970) says, Literature is something that gives pleasure to the reader.Moreover, literature has different genres like plays, essays, short stories and numbers. The major nidus is on the verse. Before it, here is a definition on literature.Oscar Wilde (1970) says,Literature is something that is to be written not to be read.In early period, conventional blocks were relate together. According to agreed rules, we can ob work on much in folk song where the old method was never discontinued. Blave argues that by the end of mediaeval period, literature had been written in face for hundreds of years and it was seen that there is no existence of k right offledge of previous literature and language. English appeared to be a language without a past and with a literature that was always modern. Hence haggling could not attract to themselves those associations linked with cognise literary works or linguistic origins. English haggle were insubstantial things which had to be given meanss by many devices such as repetition.2.2. PoetryPoetry grasps students attention, its format and style is different as compared to the mine run run of literary texts. Other than this, metrical composition is one of the most ancient and widespread of the (literary) arts.Poetry is an important genre in English literature. In rime, we find fantasized, imaginative world. Here are definitionsEliot (1970) says,Poetry is the imagination that presents its subject with clarity, precision and economy of language.Sidney (1970) says,All the imaginative literature is rime.Poems are at times better to use in the classroom because they are briefer and more compa ct than essays or even short stories.Coleridge (1970) says,The best nomenclature in the best orderPoetry helps the readers to become more intensive reader and most jobs today lock away call for some close teaching and clear writing.Poetry as well reflects the kitchen-gardening of a society to a great extent. It withal acts as a mirror of the changing times of a country.Taking the poetry of Pakistan for example, we can get clear picture of the changing view takes which are going on in Pakistan at that times. Poetry is used all around the world for teaching and learning purpose. Simple English poems are rich in suggestive, colourful and associative volume and communicateions which speak subtly different messages to different people. Each personal substance found in the poem is shared, exchanged, negotiated, reinforced, valued, or loosed in the process of interacting freely, safely, funnily with others findings. There are different sums to understand poetry. But here, the foc us is only on the connotative significance.2.3. History / Origin of PoetryPoetry is not very popular these days. This is an obvious fact for poets, teachers of poetry and poetry-lovers. A different kind of poetry is very much alive today in the forms of popular music lyrics and raps and in jingles but for advertisement and for political purposes. These forms are mostly kept in listeners memories due to the commercial pressures. But many of these forms clearly depend on music or on the interaction of ledgers and music,or on the special qualities of work in order to succeed because the written texts may be uninteresting and may miss the special points made by the interaction of music and words in performance. In literary poetry, since the beginning of the twentieth century, practice has crackinged away from audible rhythm and towards free verse. For a few decades, while the traditions of rhythm were still active in minds of readers, the free verse of Eliot Pound, Williams and H.D . and the syllabic verse of Marianne Moore could be received as experiments in new sorts of rhythm, reactions toward or against conventions of meter, defamiliarizing the real rhythms of spoken word.The conceit of meter in written poetry has vanished from the public memory so there is no interest in written poetry for general readership. This shift founds in the history of western poetry towards the effacement of the bodily pleasure that is experienced in the regular, musical rhythm of meter and towards the substanceful poetry as act of communication.Anthony Easthope (1983) has set forth the history of this trend within the frame work of the ascendancy of bourgeois culture and of individual subjectivity. The argument of Easthope is deep and compelling and Amittai F. Auiram has been as having something of a complementary notification with it. But Easthope emphasizes the revolutionary aspects of modernism in poetry and sees poet like pound as reversing and breaking the trend toward s bourgeois subjectivity, Avirain sees pounds giving up of traditional forms, his insistance on the rhythm of each line representing the sense as only a continuation of that very trend. In short, it is attend away from poetry toward prose, narrative or exposition away from the rhythmic pleasures of the body and towards its repression in social discourse away from the runs subjective effect of rhythm and toward individual expression, socially constructed, as in pound, than self begins to reach the limits of its own undoing. The trend from poetry toward prose should be seen within the context of a theory of poetry but has become in particular prominent in modern times as society has shifted what toward the importance of information in its material life. Thing are not worthful for the physical adventures they offer so much a for what they mean in the most reductive sense, for example, how much they cost, what they are worth on the market.For twenty v year T.S Eliot exercised an auth ority in the literary world not posses by any writer before him for more than a century. Bu the end of 1920s his poetry was an escapable influence on younger poets and his criticism shaped their word and he was pared by many authors. Twenty year later, the waste land was still widely regarded as the most radical and brilliant development of modernist poetry. An important point is that one mustiness have seen the ages of 1940s and 1950s in which Eliots literary foothold and judgments were cited frequently and respectfully. Moreover, Christian ideology was unattractive to many scholars in England and the united states. Thus Eliot was seen as a central poet in the future development of poetry and no poet can compete him.Poetry StrategiesUnderstanding modern poetry requires an correspondence of the following(1) Free VerseMost modern poems are written in free verse. Free verse has no fixed meter and no fixed line length or stanzas. The poet decides where the line should break based o n how the poem should look on the page or where a natural break occurs.(2) Literal and Symbolic meaningsThe literal meaning of modern poetry often reflects everyday life. They everyday scenes are full of symbolic meaning.(3) DictionModernism is a deliberate break forms that characterized traditional poetry. Whereas traditional verse relied on formal language, modern poetry uses informal, everyday speech.Understanding of PoetryEnglish language includes numerous words that main virtually the comparable thing. Each and every word has a slightly different pattern of sound and shade of meaning that will create a real individual effect on the reader. As a result, the reader has the power of word choice. The sound of a word can be very important to the mood you are establishing in a poem. For example, compare these two separate stanzas.The old man wrenchedHis sack of gutsAnd hacked a coughThe senior detectedA murmurIn his intestinesWe should be able to hear how the hard sounds of the fir st stanza contrast with the softer sounds of the second. The sound also have a great effect on the meaning and the line of merchandise of each live. The old man in the first stanza seems to be in a much worse state than the senior in the second stanza. The words hacked and cough echo the hard sound of the mans coughing while the words murmur and intestines in second example reduce the seniors illness to minor discomfort. connotationConnotations are ideas that are associated with a word. These associations go beyond the dictionary definition. The word snake in the grass for example, may be defined as a member of the reptilian family but this word has many associations like someone or something that is dangerous, low down or slimy.In addition to having a connotation, some words have a symbolic significance due to past associations. For example, as a result of the Garden of Eden story, a snake is associated with evil, especially an evil tempter. In western literature and everyday usa ge, animals and colors have often been used as symbols, as have the reasons of year, times of day, geographic terrain, natural elements and natural and man-made objects.Connotations are the overtones of word, their vibrations grievous or bad. Connotation is also to reference point as the figurative is to the literal. Connotation represents the things that a person associates with a word.There are different kinds of meaning in English language. But there are two major kind of meaning to understand the poems or stanzas. These are denotative meaning and connotative meaning. Denotative meaning is a primeval meaning of a word. For instance, bread is an edible made up of flour, yeast, water and so on. On the other hand, connotative meaning is a secondary meaning of a word as well as symbolic meaning of a word and cultural dimensions. Bread is a word that is used for money and it is the staff of life. It is through a piece of writing that a person discovers the intention of the writer. Tone controls how a person reads a words denotative and connotative values.Connotation refers to the feeling or images a word evokes in the reader. Students are better able to cerebrate any vocabulary term if they can make a personal association with it. Connotation means what may be differentiated from the former as suggested, implicit or intimated meaning.The following term describes the concept of connotation/denotation that was explained by justice Windeyer in the Queen V. commonwealth Conciliation Arbitration counseling ex parte Professional Engineers AssociationIn interpreting the Constitution, we must not restrict the denotation of its terms to the things they denoted in 1900. The words denotation becomes enlarged as new things falling with in its connotation comes into existence or becomes know. But the connotation or connotations of its words should remain constant in the interpretation of the constitution. spoken communication would have borne in 1900 so we are not to give word a different meaning from any meaning. Law is to be accommodated to changing facts. It is not to be changed as language changes.The dictionary helps a lot to see a series of meaning that a word has acquire since it inception. These meanings are the words connotations. When words have several connotations, a person must rely upon its context to derive its meaning. For example, the word mettlesome has gathered different connotations. First, blue refers to the color. There are also dress blues, a term referring to a military uniform. Blue can also mean depressed or melancholy and it also means the musical genre. The word blue also appears in the common expression blue in the face and out of the blue.So, a word blue ha quite a lot of meaning packed into it. Many other word carry a list of connotative meanings as well. A port is better able to learn as many connotative meanings as possible by using words with several meanings in his poetry. He can broaden the scope of his work and can also help the reader to reach a more diverse population.2.7. History of ConnotationIn medieval literature, there are two major sources of connotation that are native and foreign. The former refers to potential associations inherent in words due to their Germanic pagan links and the latter to the associations which learned loanwords bring in the train. Alliterative revival which led to a different vocabulary being used in each period, nave connotations for word in Middle English are difficult to detect. So to consider the possibility of native connotation it is better to take the Anglo-Saxon period. It is closer to the Germanic background in time, and it literature seems to spring from a more unified cultural tradition than that from the middle English period.We are left on individual word which may have connotations. Many of the words used in old English poetry are Germanic stock and as such they may have carried pagan heroic connotations with them. In the nineteenth and ea rly twentieth centuries, it was believed that old English poetry was radicalally Germanic and heroic in spirit so the words of the poems were interpreted as though they carried pagan connotations.It was seen that pagan connotations for Anglo-Saxon words are replaced by Latin ones. It is easier to prove a Christian Latin association than a pagan heroic one, on one ride because of the nature of Latin language and on other because no pagan Germanic poetry survives.2.8. Importance of ConnotationThe words connotative meanings dont explain themselves for taxonomic explanation but they are generally work on particular words that surround them. E.g. Everybody knows that good is used to describe the high quality, positive, approved of or appreciated things. But it has also some additional meanings. In an utterance such a shes rally a good person, It connotes someone who is generous, kind, thoughtful, honest and reliable. When we say shes a really good student, the connotation shifts in the direction of brought, motivated, hardworking, organized, cooperative and so on. For describing good story, the word good means interesting or involving. In other words, what makes a person good is not the same set of qualities that makes a student good, or a story good. And of course, good does not mean good at all in a sarcastic tone. A good dictionary can be of some help here. It provides guidance to the teacher as well a extensive and intensive experience with texts. It is finally by seeing and hearing words in actual contexts of use and by assimilating other words. It means that learners will be able to seek their connotative meanings. And hearing is important. Knowledge of a languages sound system is really necessary in speech and is also essential in reading particularly in reading of poetry.Connotations are changing the course of history and of human knowledge. It will point out the relation between connotation and designation. It has seen that if the people behave in a way that makes for fame or infamy, the names acquire decided connotations. And if the names are used very much in contexts the emphasize this connotation than these connotations become so slandered that the proper names can become general terms. Thus the boarder line between connotation and designation is neither sharp nor static. Poetry is the best place to study word connotation. For practical purposes, we should view the advertisements (good or bad) for cruder and simpler examples. For instance, in industrial products, we should uphold in mind key word in advertising slogans and note connotation. What is meant by injunction to be a Dawn Girl to have that chromatic look to wear a Danto Sweet Smile to develop an English complexion? These terms may designate and it is their connotation. There are good reasons for this. may be that car, hair lotion and whiskey actually does have, not only the characteristics designated but also the characteristics connoted.For a complicated study, it is instructive to look among advertisements for terms with a scientific connotation and this term carry with them on intimation that the product is result of laboratory research or approved by a doctors.The tender that a word gives beyond its defined meaning, refers to connotation. Connotations may be universally understood or may be significant only to a certain group. Both horse and steed denotes the same animal, but steed has a different connotation that it deriving from romantic narratives in which the word was often used. 2nd example nigh the word home, it means that the place where one lives, but by connotation, it suggests security, family, love and comfort.Consonance occurs is poetry when words appearing at the ends of two or more verses have similar final consonant sounds but have final vowel sound that differ, as with stuff and off words and images that might be used in poems hold meanings, feelings and Connotations which might provoke different clues that people find bu t it does not mean that a person is exactly utter about a poem. The personal response is important in understanding the literary judgment and close analysis of text.Role of ConnotationConnotation meaning refers to the features of word and it also refers to ones reaction to it, that is its mad content. For example, A nastier connotation has seen in the word slimy rather than a word silky. The following are described the two line of poetry, one being a denotatively equivalent but connotatively contrasting version of the other.Season of mist and mellow fruitfulness.(Ode to Autumn, Keats)Time of fog and estimable productivity (after, Wallwork, 1969)There is nothing objectively poetic about word like mists or mellow but we have a strong experience of these words. It is difficult to remember that their sweet and pleasant sound qualities are only created by social evaluation. Words can measure and represent their connotative meaning.An idea related to the denotative and connotative mean ing of words is category and shape shift. This heft occurs when words did not have development previously but now they are used. For example, the word paper began as a noun, it means the sheet of pressed plant fibers you write upon. Then it acquired verb capabilities for use in a fourth dimension e.g., He will paper her mirror with love notes. Paper can also be used as an adjective, such as in the phraseology paper plate. The word paper changed categories from noun to verb to adjective without changing spelling. It changed functions too because nouns, verbs and adjectives play different roles in sentences.For romantic poets, poetic meter performs a similar function like the purely formal element of poetry. It can either provide clear, denotative meaning or it can carry follow well known techniques for conveying the connotative meaning. This element follows patterns of compositional practice, convention and deliberate effect and carriers with it patterns of implicit connotation si milar to those perceived in absolute music. Wordsworth most famous work on poetics, the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, demonstrates not only his concerns about these contractual conditions but also his conception of their meaning. He also insisted on writing the theoretical Preface. He felt that his readers might accuse him of breaking the unspoken agreement of comprehensibility between the poet and his readers. His attempt to deflect criticism for Prosaisms, places where poetry becomes too much like prose, demonstrates this anxiety most clearly.Winters describes poetic theory, its concision, lyric but he explains that poetry is the highest linguistic expression, in addition to the denotative aspects of words emphasise in forms of writing, poetry also makes particular use of connotative ones, the two together composing the total content of language. The purpose of poetry is to describe experience as precisely as possible connotation in poetry acquires a moral dimension and to pres erve clarity, connotation or feeling must be carefully controlled.Levels of brain to understand connotationWhen reading a poem by a person, the brain works on several different levelsIt responds to the soundsIt responds to the words themselves and their connotationsIt responds to the emotionsIt responds to the learning of the world.Poetry becomes a good source of learning through this process. It helps how to read literature in general. All the other genres have elements of poetry within them. Learn how to read poetry in a good way and it is the only way to become a more accomplished reader. Emily Dickinson who claimed that reading a book of poetry (by a poet) made her feel as if they top of her head were taken off.Study of Meaning of Context CluesThere are many methods for findings word meaning. The method of studying word meaning which is described under this heading is by using context clues. Context refers to the words and ideas in the text surrounding a word. This text elaborat es clues to the meaning of individual words. Context also helps to understand how meaning of the word is being used concord to the authors point of view. Meanings of the words may be denotative and connotative. Denotative meaning is often found in dictionary definitions but connotative meaning of the words has some(prenominal) positive and negative effect on the word meaning. Look at the example the words demure and Prim both have same meaning that is shy. However, Prim has negative connotation of being strict or remote. Demure has positive connotation of being sweet or innocent.It is also found that the additional meaning is part of the words contextual meaning. It appears as a result of the words correlation with others. Connotation is one of the key so the power of words. In a literary text, the most innocent looking word can achieve the most vivid connotations. One of the components of a words meaning is its affective component. Emotive connotations are rendered by the emotio nal or expressive counter part of meaning.It is also very important to describe that affective connotations of a word can be within its romantic structure registered in its dictionary meaning.E.g Fabulous, stunning, smart, terrific and the like have special emotive meaning fixed in dictionaries.E.g Hes very rich.Hes fabulously rich.Many words hold an emotive meaning only in a definite context. In that case, we say that a word has a contextual emotive meaning.So, we can conclude that affective connotations of a word are peculiar to it either on the pragmatic or systematic level.2.12. Role of connotation is culture and societyDifferent words have personal and cultural associations which can be subjective, contribute to their meaning. These additional meanings are known as connotations. We can also talk of affective, emotive, attitudinal or expressive meaning. In this example, we have seen that the word man has denotative meaning that is adult male human being but its connotations are virility, bravery and aggression. The personal and cultural aspects of the wor4d are brought in expressions like thats what I call a man Or act like a man but the man where refers to after doing brave deed, it means that connotations of word may differ according to the society in which the people use it. For example connotation of the word police means reliability, helpfulness, friendliness and protection while some persons in a society take it as harassment, arrests, aggression, obstruction and injustice and so forth it is necessary to define the terms when we translate. The people have different awareness about the political term like labour, depending on the politic of individual.Connotations are difficult to understand than denotation and much more variable and culture bound. For example snow may appear beautiful who have never seen it but the people who live in cold countries where the snow is falling. So the word snow have negative connotation according to this context. The t rain is in western society as a mans best friend but for Arabs and Hindus this animal take as a pet. For the pareses, people take traverse as a sacred animal. Words may have the same denotative meaning but the connotative meaning varies from person to person. For instance, woman and chick both denote adult female human being but the word lay has connotation of good breeding and social graces that are listless from women.Some words are always positive like generous, courtesy and masterpiece but others are always negative like rubbish, dirty, thief and so on the one thing is that negative words are not obviously negative but they are marked as derogatory or criticise in dictionaries. Some words can be both positive and negative according to context. In English, the adjective inquisitive may take as a healthy desire to learn but on the other hand, it takes as an unhealthy or annoying keenness to pry. The word respite is a Spanish word which means on one side respect and on the oth er hand, it means fear. Translators and language learners should know about the different connotations according to the context2.13. Connotative meaning through language and cultureLanguage and culture are deeply interrelated with each other. Language is the vehicle of cultural manifestation. Some words have different motions and cultural values in different languages. That is to say, Many foreign words which appear to have an equivalent basic meaning in the learners L1 are nevertheless different because of their different connotations. (Laufer, 1990, p.582). Lado (1972) defines these words as culturally loaded words Lexical totems which have similar primary meaning but widely different connotations in two languages (p. 285). For example the word old means people are addressed so old in English but in Chinese, this word take as old + surname of surname + old. This is the difficult area of vocabulary acquisition as the tendency of the learner will to transfer the L1 connotation in to L2 (Laufer, 1990, p. 582).English and Chinese are two different languages because these two languages show two lucid culture and ideologies. Chinese culture values harmony, tradition, authority, group solidarity etc while western cultures value individualism, uniqueness, creation, adventure etc. (Jia Yuxin, 1997). Different political and social system through Chinese and western cultures have different understandings of certain political and ideological issues. Moreover, English is neither an official language nor a lingua franca in china. Chinese EFL learners find it difficult to access the cultural aspect of English. They have few chances to communicate with native speaker of English.Liu Zhong (1999) conducted the study of show that certain words have different cultural connotations in Chinese and English. Such as old, propagandas etc. they tested Chinese EFL learners to see whether their judgment on word used in a specific English context is proper or not and their studies poi nted out the Chinese learners perception of whether a word is used properly with specific English contexts deviated from that of native speakers of English.2.14. Emotional meaning of connotationConnotations also provide emotional power to the word so much that people will bout and die for them. G.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards were the first scholars to consider the misunderstandings that result from the failure of communicators to know that their subjective reactions toward will be a product of their life experience. For example, Mellissas dog dies and she tells Trish about it. Trishs understanding of a massage depends on the feelings of him about pet and death. Mellissa who sees dogs as truly friends, may be intending to communicate her extreme grief. Trish who has never had a pet and doesnt especially care of pets in general or dogs in particular, may miss the emotional meaning that Mellissa has. For this reason, Connotations can be used effectively to increase the emotional appeal to your message. Language also serves as a bridge between human being and the word of sense data. The denotative meaning of the word snake is the perception of the sense data that makes up the snake. The connotative meaning of the expression Look A Snake is described according to the perception of Mellissa and her grandfather. This expression which they both shared, was a bridge between Mellissas perception and her grandfather. If they did not speak the same natural language then she wouldnt share the connotative meaning of the word snake. Since they do share in the conventional connotative meaning of the expression, she can cross over to he grandfathers perceptual word by using it. Words serve as connotative bridges. Mellissa and her grandfather were unsuccessful in seeking a visual perception of the snake. So words are also denotative bridges. They subsume us with real things by means of understanding and processing sense data.2.15. Connotation in semiotic modesThe term connotati on is used in so many ways. John Stuart Mill described words that have different meanings but he focused on two kinds of meaning. For instance, the word ovalbumin, firstly, denotes the class of white things or as snow or paper or the foam of sea. But its abstract concept has connotative meaning like whiteness, virtue etc. the most importance approach in semiotics has been that of Roland Barites, who was a key player in Paris school structuralist semiotics of the 1690s and 1970s. Barthes argued that different ways of expressing the same concept can have different meanings because the same concept can be expressed in different languages. He developed his approach to denotation and connotation not in relation to language and applied the term connotation to semiotic modes other than language.2.16. Role of vocabulary in understating connotative meaningLexis lexical phrases have come to play a very important role in language teaching learning. Lexis has become more important than struc tures teacher have noticed that if a person does not know certain words and expression he/she will find it very difficult to express what he/she wishes to say. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using worng words not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often led to misunderstanding may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax.(Carter 1987 145)Taylor (1990 1 ) emphasized the essentialness of vocabulary knowledge.In order to live in the world, we must name it. Names are essential for the

Effect of Alcohol Caffeine Concentration on Daphnia Magna

case of inebriant Caffeine Concentration on Daphnia MagnaThe Effect of Alcohol and Caffeine Concentrations on Daphnia MagnaAbstractThe tar come of this prove was to study the effects of alcohol and caffein on the knocker, using the Daphnia Magna as the test subject. The hypothesis was Increasing the slow-wittedness of caffein in which the Daphnia Magna is submerged will ca theatrical role its aggregate rate to increase, while increasing the concentration of alcohol in which it is submerged will cause its heart rate to decrease. To test this hypothesis two Daphnia Magna were open(a) to either alcohol or caffeine and its heart rate recorded by placing it on a microscope slip ones mind and counting the number of heart beats. It was deducted that the alcohol and caffeine had a precise notable effect on the heart, with alcohol slowing it down and caffeine speeding it up. At the highest concentration of alcohol, the heart rate slowed and in turn the higher(prenominal) concentra tion of caffeine imprinted the heart rate by increasing it. I feel that the same concept of the effect of alcohol and caffeine on Daphnia Magna would be the same concept for its effect on humans also sense alcohol is a depressant it tends to slow down the dead clay as Caffeine is well known for giving our bodies a boost of energy.IntroductionIt was obvious to test the effects that alcohol and caffeine take up on the human heart. The effects of alcohol and caffeine were a distinct interest sense they are drugs that are consumed on a large scale in society. However, because it is difficult to perform experiments of this nature on humans and get accurate results, we decided to use Daphnia Magna as a substitute for a human. though humans and Daphnia Magna are different organisms, alcohol and caffeine should have an almost identical effect on them. The effect when both organisms are exposed to the same amounts of alcohol and caffeine should be more noticeable in Daphnia Magna because they are much smaller, so in turn the chemicals will range through the Daphnia Magnas form quicker and effect each cell more.There are many explanations why Daphnia Magna are unremarkably used compared to the use of a human as test subject. Firstly, Daphnia Magna are simple organisms compared to humans thus at that place are less factors that we have no control over what could likely affect the heart rate. Secondly, the heart of the Daphnia Magna is easy to view and examine because of their transparent body form. Thirdly, it is logical to use a Daphnia Magna because the effects of the drug will be observed much more quickly, within moments compared to around half an hour in humans. Also, to get usable results, it would be necessary to supply a human subject with a reasonable large amounts of alcohol or caffeine, which wouldnt be dependable for short term health, as well as unscrupulous. The hypothesis under investigation was developed because depressants, like alcohol tend to de crease the activity of the bodys organs, whilst stimulants like caffeine tend to increase such activity.Methods and MaterialsTwo Daphnia Magna specimen were collected from the habitat container and then placed each in their own hanging drop slide carefully so they would not slide all over like they would a traditional flat slide. This bureau one slide would have one Daphnia Magna testing the varying concentrations of alcohol and the other Caffeine.In caffeine we readied concentrations of 0.25%, 0.05%, 0.75% and 1.0% levels of concentration. One member held a feeding bottle of distilled water to be used in between concentrations. The water allows the Daphnia Magna to rest a moment that way it doesnt die to quickly from the mixed concentrations. One member will begin the experiment by tallying its heart beats per seconds to allow for an average heart rate. The group then subtracted the water from the slide and replaced it with the fist concentration of caffeine counting the heart be at 15 seconds again then quickly taking away the caffeine and replacing it covering fire with distilled water. We repeat this process and collect the data until all concentrations have be used and the data compiled.Alcohol there were 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of concentrations. Using a Microscope as well as a fresh bottle of water to adjust the Daphnia Magna to the stress of the many concentrations makes the experiment a little easier. As we did with the caffeine the group used a fresh Daphnia Magna collected the average heartbeat and began the process of subjecting the Daphnia Magna to the Alcohol concentrations collecting the heart beat data and observing how it changes with each concentration.ResultsResults demonstrates the profound effect the alcohol and caffeine both have on the heart. As shown in figure 1 and 3 the higher the concentration of caffeine the faster the heart becomes. In figures 2 and 4 Alcohol seems to have the opposite affect and slows the heart rate down increas ingly with each concentration. Within our results it fecal matter be determined that when humans consume alcohol that they will experience a slowness and often a more depressed feeling. On the flip side when humans are exposed to caffeine it can be seen that there is a burst of energy Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant. Your central nervous system includes your brain, spinal cord, and the other nerves in your body. Caffeines main effect on your body is to make you feel more awake and alert for a while (FDA, 2007)Table 1 group data for Caffeine concentrationsCaffeine Concentrations and how they affect the heart rateConcentrationHeart Rate 15 secHeart Rate (BPM)0%532160.25%421680.50%391560.75%281121.0%31124 solve 1 the graph that shows the group average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of caffeine provided that the Daphnia Magna heart rate was counted for 15 seconds then calculated to BPMTable 2 Group data for alcohol concentrationsAlcohol concentr ations and how they affect the heart rateConcentrationHeart Rate 15 secHeart Rate (BPM)0%31133.332%271084%24966%12688%197610%1456Figure 2 the graph that shows the group average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of alcohol provided that the Daphnia Magna heart rate was counted for 15 seconds then calculated to BPM.Table 3 Class data for caffeine concentrationsWater Control AVG0.25% Caf0.5% Caf0.75% Caf1.0% CafKR216168156112124g145.356849688G2248448452480508Jeep132208164220188G5133.3120112124136Average154.92200193.6206.4208.8Figure 3 the graph that shows the rank average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of caffeine. Table 4 Class data for Alcohol concentrationsInitialsWater Control AVG2% Alc4% Alc6% Alc8% Alc10% AlcKR133.3310896687656g154248285236188172G2205.33122401806448Jeep181148152124124108G5205.3240196232212100Average155.8211.2193.8168132.896.8Figure 4 the graph that shows the class average heart rates when exposed to the different concentrations of alcohol.DiscussionAlcohol affects every organ in the drinkers body and can damage a developing fetus. Intoxication can impair brain function and motor skills heavy use can increase risk of authoritative cancers, stroke, and liver disease. (Abuse, 2014)